Student Projects

Major Projects investigate a wide range of important land and water issues. These diverse projects are a culmination of our students’ varied academic backgrounds, as well as their learning and work experience in the MLWS program. Visit our Major Project page for more details. Explore the categorized student projects through the menu below.

MLWS Major Project Showcase

Tracing Micro(nano)plastics from Soil to Crop: The Evidence of Plastic Pollution in Agriculture

Emily MacMillan, MLWS 2024

This report investigates the impact of micro(nano)plastic pollution on crops and soil health, focusing on the Fraser Valley in British Columbia. It highlights how the increasing reliance on plastics has led to significant soil contamination, particularly in agroecosystems, where micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) can be introduced through various agricultural practices. The study emphasizes that MNPs can be absorbed by crops, potentially affecting their growth and contributing to food safety concerns. A systematic review of five crops—carrot, corn, lettuce, pea, and wheat—revealed multiple uptake pathways for MNPs, including apoplastic and symplastic routes, with notable phytotoxic effects such as oxidative stress and altered metabolic activity. The estimated presence of MNPs in soils ranges from approximately 760,000 to 4,370,000 particles per tonne, highlighting the need for more research on this emerging issue. The report concludes with recommendations for mitigating MNP pollution, including phytoremediation, standardization of research protocols, and the establishment of regulations, to inform decision-making and combat plastic contamination in agroecosystems.

Leaf Area Index as an Indicator of Successful Revegetation of Disturbed Mining Sites

Liulin Song, MLWS 2024

This study investigates the changes in Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the Highland Valley Copper (HVC) Mine from 2000 to 2021, focusing on the factors affecting vegetation dynamics. The analysis revealed a significant decline in LAI during 2000-2010, followed by a dramatic increase from 2011 to 2021. Notably, the proportion of shrubs rose by 20.25% while coniferous trees decreased by 23.08%. Land cover changes, alongside environmental factors like temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and solar radiation, influenced LAI trends. The study also indicated that over the past forty years, the average temperature during the growing season significantly increased, while precipitation decreased, complicating revegetation efforts. Remote sensing technology was highlighted as crucial for monitoring LAI and guiding reclamation policies. The study advocates for enhancing biodiversity in revegetation practices and emphasizes collaboration with Indigenous Peoples and local communities for more effective land management.

Comparative Analysis of Carbon Reduction Policies: Cap-And-Trade in Shanghai Vs. Carbon Tax in British Columbia

Zixiao Zhang, MLWS 2024

Global Climate Change (GCC) has been a critical concern for decades, prompting international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to address emission reduction. Carbon pricing, including Carbon Tax (CT) and Cap-and-Trade (CAT) systems, has emerged as effective strategies for balancing economic growth with greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. The Carbon Tax, exemplified by British Columbia's implementation in 2008, incentivizes reduced fossil fuel use and encourages low-carbon alternatives while providing tax exemptions to ease financial burdens. In contrast, the Cap-and-Trade system, such as Shanghai's launched in 2013, sets emission caps that allow companies to trade allowances, leading to significant GHG reductions while fostering economic growth. Comparative analyses indicate that CAT systems are generally more effective than CT policies in reducing emissions. The study concludes that a hybrid model, combining CAT as the primary strategy and CT as a supplementary measure, can optimize emission reduction efforts, promoting both environmental sustainability and economic stability.

A Review of Potential Benefits and Barriers to Urban Green Infrastructure

Mengdi Ji, MLWS 2024

Urban areas are facing significant environmental and social challenges due to rapid growth and densification, leading to increased pollution and vulnerability to climate change. In response, green infrastructure (GI) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional urban planning, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 11, which focuses on creating resilient and sustainable cities. GI includes natural and semi-natural spaces like parks and green roofs, providing diverse ecosystem services. However, challenges hinder the implementation of GI projects, and often the benefits beyond stormwater management are overlooked. This study aims to bridge the gap in understanding the various benefits and barriers of GI by analyzing existing literature and case studies, offering actionable recommendations to promote its adoption and enhance urban resilience, equity, and sustainability.

Urban Water Scarcity: The Potential of Greywater Reuse

Xiaojing (Angela) Jiang, MLWS 2024

This paper examines greywater reuse as a sustainable solution to urban water scarcity, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental scientists. With increasing urbanization and climate change straining water resources, greywater reuse—recycling relatively clean wastewater from sources like baths and sinks—can reduce freshwater demand and enhance water security. The study explores causes of urban water scarcity, such as population growth and inadequate infrastructure, and highlights the benefits of greywater reuse, including lower water bills and improved resilience to drought. Case studies from Jordan, Sweden, and the U.S. illustrate various approaches to implementation. The paper also addresses challenges like high costs and the need for public awareness and safety regulations, ultimately recommending further research and policy development to maximize greywater reuse benefits.

Integrating Sustainable Practices in Lithium Mining: Innovations, Environmental Stewardship, Effects for Green Energy, And the Challenges of Reducing Lithium Wastes in Alignment with Unsustainable Development Goals

Yaxi Tan, MLWS 2024

Lithium is vital for lithium-ion batteries, which are essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. As demand for these technologies grows, sustainable lithium extraction is crucial to protect the environment and support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Traditional extraction methods are resource-intensive and environmentally damaging. Innovations like Direct Lithium Extraction use less water and are more eco-friendly. Recycling lithium from used batteries and reprocessing mining waste are also important strategies to reduce environmental impact and maintain a steady supply. Promoting these innovations and recycling efforts aligns with SDGs related to social inclusion, environmental protection, responsible resource management, and economic development.

Adapting to Climate Change: A Comparative Analysis of Prescribed Burning and Mechanical Treatment for Forest Fire Management

Huilin Li, MLWS 2024

Although fuel management strategies are widely used to mitigate the scale and severity of wildfires, systematic evaluations of their eKectiveness and potential drawbacks in the context of climate change remain limited. This paper employed systematic literature review and comparative analysis methods to examine the performance of prescribed burning and mechanical treatment in managing fire risks and adapting to climate change. The study focused on their impacts on fire behavior, implementation challenges under climate constraints, and carbon emissions, while also exploring costs, environmental impacts, and social acceptance. Two representative case study sites - California, USA, and Southeast Australia - were chosen for longitudinal comparisons under varying environmental conditions. The findings suggested that diKerent fuel management strategies each have their strengths and weaknesses. No single strategy is perfect; each involves trade-oKs. Prescribed burning eKectively alters fire behavior and has lower carbon emissions, but its implementation window is severely limited by climate change. Mechanical treatment is not a complete substitute for prescribed burning and is associated with higher carbon emissions; however, it avoids the risks of smoke and fire escape linked to fire and is more resilient to climate change. Overall, combined mechanical and burn treatment may constitute an eKective strategy. In the planning process, balancing the impacts of diKerent strategies to achieve optimal results is crucial for successful management.

Aquaculture Development In Bhutan: Assessing Pre-Requisites And Addressing Environmental, Economic, Social Challenges And Opportunities

Ugyen Tshomo, MLWS 2024

This project investigates the potential for sustainable aquaculture development in Bhutan, a landlocked and low-income country, to meet the rising demand for protein, particularly fish, among its growing population. Despite aquaculture production being currently insignificant in Bhutan, the study suggests that it should expand by 10% annually to address the protein trade deficit. The research highlights the environmental risks associated with global aquaculture, such as water contamination and biodiversity loss, and emphasizes the importance of adopting best management practices. The project explores sustainable development options using circular economy principles, in collaboration with local authorities in Bhutan.

Greening the Grey: Nature-based Solutions for Urban Heat Island Effect in the City of Vancouver

Tasso Hu, MLWS 2024

This study examines the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in Vancouver, where urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural ones due to human activities and dense infrastructure. The research focuses on integrating Nature-based Solutions (NBS), such as tree planting, urban parks, and rain gardens, into urban planning to mitigate UHI effects. The study identified Vancouver's hotspots, particularly neighborhoods like Strathcona and Downtown, which are more vulnerable to heat due to low tree canopy coverage. The findings underscore the importance of green space distribution for environmental and social equity, highlighting the need for targeted NBS to create more resilient urban environments. https://riparianguardians.shorthandstories.com/greening-the-grey/

Alberta Oil Sand Pollution Impacts on Local Indigenous Communities and Cooperation with Indigenous Peoples

Corrine Yu, MLWS 2024

The Alberta oil sands, one of the largest crude oil deposits globally, are a key economic driver for Canada but pose significant environmental, social, and cultural challenges, particularly for Indigenous communities like the Fort McKay First Nation in the Athabasca region. This report examines the severe environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the contamination of traditional food sources, which disrupt the community’s way of life. It also highlights the cultural erosion caused by the loss of traditional lands and the uneven economic benefits from oil sands development. The report criticizes the disconnect between government and industry narratives, which often downplay the long-term impacts on Indigenous communities. It recommends stronger regulatory frameworks, meaningful inclusion of Indigenous knowledge in environmental management, and co-management agreements that prioritize sustainable development and protect Indigenous rights, culture, and the environment. https://oilsandpollution.shorthandstories.com/Impacts-on-Indigenous-Groups/

Environmental Pollution in Aquaculture: Evaluating Pharmaceutical Usage and Mitigation Strategies in China

Xiangyue Chen, MLWS 2024

China, the global leader in aquaculture, faces significant sustainability challenges due to the extensive use of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, particularly in regions like Changshou and Dongting Lakes. This report focuses on the ecological impacts of pharmaceutical residues and pesticide misuse in these areas. The research highlights the detrimental effects of antibiotics and pesticides on aquatic life, ecological balance, and water quality, with issues like antibiotic resistance and heavy metal pollution being of particular concern. To address these challenges, the report recommends stricter regulatory oversight, sustainable aquaculture practices, and increased community awareness, alongside technological advancements to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainable industry practices.

Constructed Wetlands as Strategic Infrastructure for Urban Flood Mitigation in China

Jackie Wan, MLWS 2024

Severe weather events and heavy rainfall, exacerbated by climate change, have increasingly led to devastating floods, as seen in China in 2023, where flooding impacted 16 million people and caused significant economic losses. This study explores the use of constructed wetlands (CWs) as a sustainable solution for managing urban floods, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas like Guangdong, China. CWs leverage natural processes to control excess rainwater, enhance drainage, and improve water quality. The research evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of CWs in urban settings, providing case studies and cost-benefit analyses. The findings suggest that integrating CWs into urban planning can reduce flood risks, offer ecological benefits, and result in long-term financial savings, promoting more resilient and sustainable urban development in flood-prone regions.

Green Rainwater Infrastructure implementation in high density urban areas

Shijia Zhang, MLWS 2024

As urbanization continues to reshape our cities the increase of impervious surfaces poses significant challenges. Traditional stormwater infrastructure typically aims to quickly drain water from city centers. In contrast, green infrastructure is an emerging approach to water management that focuses on protecting, restoring, or mimicking the natural water cycle. This approach allows for more effective management of urban stormwater and rainwater, improves water quality, and also helps address urban heat island effects, reduce flood risks, and tackle other urban challenges, improve urban green spaces and overall city livability. However, some highly developed cities like Vancouver, the impervious surface is dramatically high. One of the biggest challenges is finding space. In a city where every square inch counts, figuring out where to put green roofs, permeable pavements, and rain gardens isn't easy. It requires creative thinking and strategic planning to carve out areas for these green solutions amidst the concrete jungle. This project is aimed to determine how GRI being may effectively implemented in a developed city were much of the streets/lanes are covered by impervious surfaces.

Challenges to Green Infrastructure in Cities with High Water Tables: Appropriate Solutions and Suitable Locations in Richmond, BC

Lihao Wang, MLWS 2024

Green infrastructure can help mitigate urban flooding caused by climate change and urbanization by reducing surface runoff. However, cities like Richmond, with high water tables and poorly drained soils, face challenges in implementing infiltration-based systems. In these areas, stormwater storage infrastructure, such as detention ponds, artificial wetlands, and rainwater harvesting systems, has proven more effective. Richmond's agricultural lands, particularly in East Richmond, also require specialized green infrastructure, such as dry detention ponds, to manage stormwater and prevent land subsidence. Additionally, Richmond needs to upgrade its flood protection system, develop an urban flood model, and monitor groundwater conditions to enhance flood resilience and sustainable stormwater management.

The Sea Lice Saga- Challenges and Opportunities For BC’s Salmon Farming Industry

Emily Port, MLWS 2024

British Columbia's Atlantic salmon farming industry, crucial to the economy, faces significant challenges due to environmental concerns, particularly the impact of sea lice on wild salmon populations. Sea lice, external parasites that harm juvenile wild salmon, have sparked a long-standing controversy involving conflicting scientific views, ineffective governance, and public distrust. Despite recent efforts by Fisheries & Oceans Canada to transition to more sustainable practices, disagreements have intensified. This report identifies key challenges, including the need for better social license, evidence-based policies, Indigenous leadership, and governance reforms. It emphasizes that lessons from the sea lice controversy can guide improvements in the aquaculture sector and other resource industries globally.,British Columbia's Atlantic salmon farming industry, crucial to the economy, faces significant challenges due to environmental concerns, particularly the impact of sea lice on wild salmon populations. Sea lice, external parasites that harm juvenile wild salmon, have sparked a long-standing controversy involving conflicting scientific views, ineffective governance, and public distrust. Despite recent efforts by Fisheries & Oceans Canada to transition to more sustainable practices, disagreements have intensified. This report identifies key challenges, including the need for better social license, evidence-based policies, Indigenous leadership, and governance reforms. It emphasizes that lessons from the sea lice controversy can guide improvements in the aquaculture sector and other resource industries globally.

Rediscovering the Value of Deserts

Rodrigo Castro, MLWS 2024

Deserts, often misunderstood as barren and worthless, are home to unique ecosystems and human populations that have thrived for thousands of years. Despite their value, deserts are frequently neglected, with the field of eremology—desert science—being largely unrecognized. This neglect stems from a lack of research, inadequate policies, colonial history, land mismanagement, and the impacts of climate change. The paper synthesizes literature on this neglect, emphasizing the socioeconomic importance of deserts and the need for tailored conservation strategies. It also critiques the term "desertification" and the effectiveness of projects like the "Great Green Wall" in addressing land degradation, suggesting that current approaches may be misguided.

Remediation of Metal Mines: Heavy Metal Water Pollution in British Columbia, Canada

Tingxuan Zhou, MLWS 2023

The project delves into the significant issue of mining-related heavy metal water pollution in British Columbia, Canada. It aims to identify the causes behind this pollution and propose effective remediation methods. The study involves a comprehensive review of pertinent policies, regulations, and case studies like the Britannia Mine, Teck, and Mount Polley Mine. Despite joint federal and provincial regulations, persistent metal water contamination issues persist due to historical legacies, insufficient monitoring and reporting, and the complexity of metal contamination. The research emphasizes the necessity not only to prevent new contamination but also to address existing and historical pollution effectively.

Pollution of Water Bodies by Drugs in the Aquaculture Industry in China

Kezheng Zhang, MLWS 2023

The project examines the perilous effects of climate change and human activities on agriculture and aquatic ecosystems, leading to decreased yields and aquatic degradation. It underscores the rising significance of aquaculture as a vital fish protein source, emphasizing its prevalent use of antibiotics to enhance product yield and prevent diseases in animals. Focusing on China's extensive aquaculture sector, the analysis concentrates on cultured species and antibiotic practices. Antibiotics, persisting as residues due to incomplete organism absorption, accumulate via bioaccumulation, adversely affecting organism growth and fostering antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic products. Consumption of these products poses health risks. Proposed strategies aim to mitigate these adverse effects, while a regulatory comparison across China and other nations sheds light on drivers for antibiotic overuse. The report concludes with recommendations targeting policymakers and the public to alleviate the repercussions of aquaculture in China, aiming to enhance sustainability and diminish health hazards linked to antibiotic residues in aquatic products.

Impacts of Increasing Plastic Wastes associated with theCOVID-19 Pandemic

Jingyi Yu, MLWS 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a surge in various types of waste, notably face masks, overwhelming waste management systems. While these plastic products provided protection, their widespread use disrupted supply chains and waste disposal systems. The waste management industry faces immense pressure managing hazardous waste from COVID-19 cases. Concerns loom over the potential release of these plastics into terrestrial and marine ecosystems due to ineffective waste management. The report investigates the upsurge in plastic waste and its environmental repercussions, outlining strategies to manage biomedical plastic waste. It highlights the necessity for further research on this environmental issue and explores challenges and potential solutions for handling biomedical plastic waste during the pandemic.

Integrated Pest Management in Chinese Agriculture:A review of challenges and opportunities

Shilo Yin, MLWS 2023

This review scrutinizes the detrimental effects of chemical pesticides on the environment and human health in agriculture. It advocates for integrated pest management (IPM) as an alternative, sustainable practice. Despite its potential, global adoption of IPM faces challenges. The review analyzes these barriers across regions and explores strategies to enhance IPM implementation. Focusing on China, it evaluates three methods employed to tackle IPM adoption hurdles. Based on insights gathered, the review concludes with practical recommendations tailored to China's context. These recommendations aim to promote IPM adoption not only in China but also globally. By addressing obstacles and proposing specific solutions, the review aims to facilitate widespread adoption of IPM, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.

Soil degradation caused by Brazilian Amazon Forest deforestation and local soil carbon storage

Xinyang Wang, MLWS 2023

The report explores deforestation's impact on soil carbon in the Brazil Amazon Forest, highlighting the urgent need for climate change solutions. Cropland and pastureland exhibit significant soil carbon losses due to unsustainable land practices and inadequate incentive policies. In contrast, secondary forests demonstrate the capacity to restore soil carbon, recommending their adoption over other land uses. The paper aims to guide local governments in formulating effective incentive policies, providing research directions for scientists, and assisting farmers in sustainable land management without compromising their interests. It proposes mitigation strategies to curb soil carbon loss from improper land management and expansion. Long-term commitment and concerted efforts are deemed essential to prevent soil carbon loss, emphasizing the importance of sustained dedication toward this goal.

Tourism in the Niagara Region: Environmental Impacts and Planning for Sustainable Tourism

Samantha Thyret, MLWS 2023

Tourism, a major global industry, brings economic prosperity but also triggers challenges like environmental harm and cultural disruptions when destinations face excessive visitor numbers, termed "overtourism." The Niagara Region in Ontario, Canada, famous for Niagara Falls, encounters environmental strain due to millions of annual visitors. The region experiences stressors across four areas: permanent environmental change, waste generation, tourist activities, and impacts on local populations, leading to declining ecosystem health. To balance economic benefits with ecosystem preservation, a recommendation suggests Niagara Falls and Niagara-on-the-Lake (NOTL) develop a sustainable tourism plan. This strategy aims to address future tourism growth, municipal infrastructure, and eco-friendly practices. The plan aims to reconcile the economic significance of tourism with the crucial need to protect local ecosystems, fostering a balance between tourism's benefits and environmental conservation in the region.

Afforestation in China: The Role of Integrated Watershed Management

River Liu, MLWS 2023

This study explores the complex relationship between afforestation and water supply, addressing its impacts on local water resources. Afforestation, often seen as a land remediation strategy, doesn't uniformly benefit water supply due to factors like tree species and local variations. For instance, non-native deep-rooted trees tend to consume more water, potentially lowering groundwater levels and affecting local water supplies. Large-scale afforestation initiatives can escalate water deficits and inter-area competition for resources, impacting both local and watershed water supply. The study proposes Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) as a framework to mitigate adverse impacts on water resources. Integrating IWM principles into afforestation projects offers a pathway to strike a balance between expanding forest cover and ensuring sustainable water management. This approach underscores the need to harmonize afforestation efforts with water resource sustainability, advocating for a holistic approach that considers the intricate relationship between afforestation and local water supplies.

Riparian Buffer Zones Management for Improving British Columbia’s Salmon Habitat

Zoe Li, MLWS 2023

This project delves into challenges confronting salmon-bearing streams in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest due to urbanization and climate change. Focused on understanding riparian functionality within forested ecosystems—key habitats for these streams—the project conducts a comprehensive literature review. It evaluates riparian management plans in Maine, Seattle's Olympic Experimental State Forest, and British Columbia, each based on distinct premises regarding land use and monitoring guidelines for forested environments. The research underscores riparian buffer zones' ecological significance in mitigating human-induced impacts on salmon habitats. It identifies specific indicators used in assessing these zones and discusses diverse management practices' pros and cons. Emphasizing effective riparian management for salmon habitat conservation, the project suggests optimizing regulations in British Columbia. Recommendations draw from successful practices observed in the studied regions, aiming to bolster the resilience of riparian buffer zones. These proposals intend to benefit salmon populations by enhancing riparian regulations and management strategies in British Columbia.

Exploring the Effects of Urban Green Space in Reducing Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Sabrina Hu, MLWS 2023

With urbanization and industrialization, particulate matter (PM2.5) poses significant concerns for human health and urban ecosystems. These fine particles, smaller than 2.5 micrometers, result from both natural phenomena like wildfires, dust storms, and anthropogenic activities such as energy production, construction, transportation, and manufacturing. PM2.5's ultrafine size allows it to enter the human body through breathing, leading to increased morbidity and mortality from various diseases like cardiopulmonary issues, respiratory infections, and multiple organ diseases, affecting specific vulnerable groups like women, children, and the elderly. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 is linked to accelerated aging. Urban expansion heightens the need to reduce air pollution, and studies demonstrate that Urban Green Spaces (UGS) play a crucial role in removing PM2.5. UGS positively impacts PM2.5 reduction through indoor and field experiments, spatial analysis, and appropriate configurations, structures, and patterns. While UGS has a removal capacity threshold, optimizing these spaces considering climate and topography enhances their efficacy in removing PM2.5, suggesting UGS as a valuable tool for combating urban air pollution.

Incorporation of Indigenous Priorities in Sea Level Rise Adaptation

Tirath Dave, MLWS 2023

The Songhees and Esquimalt Nations, represented by Matullia Holdings Limited Partnership, reclaimed 7.5 acres of land near Rock Bay in Victoria Harbour to reconnect with their traditional territory and gain from its economic benefits. Amidst climate change concerns, this paper addresses sea-level rise (SLR) adaptation strategies at the Rock Bay Site, considering Indigenous values and priorities. BC Guidelines recommend preparing for SLR increases of 0.5m by 2050, 1m by 2100, and 2m by 2200 in the area. The document analyzes SLR adaptation possibilities for the site, involving an initial assessment of various tools and a decision matrix evaluating a narrowed-down selection of adaptation methods. The focus remains on integrating Indigenous values and community priorities into the planning process, aligning with Matullia's pursuit of reclaiming and sustaining their traditional lands in the face of climate change impacts.

A GIS approach to determine locations for rainwater harvesting in Haiyuan, Ningxia, China

Mika Xu, MLWS 2023

As water scarcity continues to be a critical issue in less developed countries, rainwater harvesting offers a promising solution to augment water resources sustainably. The ridge and furrow method is a highly suitable rainwater harvesting technique for China due to its compatibility with the country’s topography, climate, and agricultural practices. By integrating geospatial data on rainfall, land cover, slope, soil types and drainage network, a GIS suitability model was developed to assess the suitability of different locations for rainwater harvesting systems. Generally, the study area is ideal for ridge and furrow method, with 64% of the area showing high suitability value ( >= 7). This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in identifying optimal sites for rainwater harvesting infrastructure, thus supporting water resource management efforts and promoting sustainable water practices in China.

The Plight of Southern Resident Killer Whales: Wicked Problems and Land & Water Governance Challenges

Kim St-Pierre, MLWS 2023

Southern Resident Killer Whales are a culturally important whale community in the Northeast Pacific. After over twenty years listed as endangered, it still struggles to recover. Many external and intrinsic factors inhibit its recovery. Anthropogenic threats such as declining prey abundance, increased disturbance, and contamination have cumulative impacts on the population. The recovery of Southern Resident Killer Whales has been artificially inflated due to artificial barriers. Artificial boundaries inhibit the recovery of Southern Resident Killer Whales through fragmented management and barriers to information sharing. Furthermore, the Salish Sea is plagued by many competing interests that put pressure on the transboundary habitat of the population. The traditional feeding grounds of whales have been disrupted by human activities such as fishing, shipping, and pollution. In addition, the construction of dams and other infrastructure has altered the flow of rivers and streams, affecting the availability of salmon, a primary food source for whales. All these activities are managed through various levels of government on both sides of the border. In order to ensure the recovery of Southern Resident Killer Whales, the artificial boundaries must be recognized and mitigated. An integrated management approach that considers the Salish Sea and related watersheds as a whole ecosystem is necessary.

Designing Urban Farms in Densely Populated Cities

Anmoljeet Kaur, MLWS 2023

The global population is increasing so is the demand for the food supply. The settlement of more than half of the population in urban cities and the modern lifestyle has indirectly contributed to disturbing climate norms. Looking at the situation, urban farms can be a possible solution for improving the landscape of cities. Allocation of productive infrastructure can likely be an effective solution to achieve the long-term goal of sustainability. This paper focused on analyzing the potential of designing urban farms in a network of densely populated cities. The study examined integral benefits and challenges associated with the establishment of urban farms in densely populated cities developed and developing cities. Additionally, it focused on explaining the importance of designing and planning tools by reviewing all the factors of consideration at a spatial scale with a complete description of possible designs. Lastly, based on the synthesis of the dataset collected, research, and case studies, it suggests that the contribution of urban farms has a positive impact on eliminating food hunger in the future.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF QUARRYING AND RECLAMATION POSSIBILITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA

Esther Mbagwu, MLWS 2023

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts of aggregate quarrying activities in southeastern Nigeria, focusing on water resources, soil quality, air quality, and wildlife. Through thoroughly examining quarrying practices, a case study analysis, and an evaluation of reclamation techniques, this study addresses the environmental consequences and proposes sustainable solutions for the region. The study highlights the significant effects of quarrying on water resources, which has negatively impacted local communities access to clean water. Soil degradation due to quarrying activities has also resulted in the loss of fertile agricultural land, affecting farmers' livelihoods, and contributing to food insecurity. By assessing reclamation techniques, such as topsoil replacement, revegetation, grading, and water management, the study identifies effective strategies for restoring degraded land and promoting ecosystem recovery. These techniques offer numerous benefits, including the re-establishment of native plant species, the prevention of soil erosion, the improvement of soil fertility, and the creation of visually appealing landscapes that blend with the natural surroundings.

BOREAL FOREST WETLANDS: A SUMMARY OF BENEFITS, THREATS, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF WETLAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Brodie Smith, MLWS 2023

Boreal wetlands are found all around the world and are critical for the success and function of many species and neighbouring ecosystems. The boreal ecosystem is one of the largest continuous forest ecosystems in the world, covering approximately 1.9 million hectares or 33% of the Earth’s forested area, and boreal wetlands are an integral part of this wide-ranging biome (Natural Resources Canada 2020). The boreal ecosystem is characterized by coniferous stands, with some mixed coniferous/deciduous stands and deciduous stands. The boreal ecosystem is well adapted to northern climatic conditions that includes short, cool summers and long, cold winters. It supports a large range of plant and animal species, both migratory and non-migratory. The boreal forest includes many different ecosystems including a diversity of wetlands (Brandt et al. 2013).

The impacts of microplastics in biosolids on land and water ecosystems through land applications in British Columbia

Nguyen Thien An Tran, MLWS 2023

The study provides valuable insights into the sources, distribution, and potential impacts of microplastics when biosolids are applied to agricultural activities. The findings indicate that in British Columbia (BC), about 182 – 293 million particles of microplastic (equivalent to approximately 0.21 – 4.3 tons in weight) could be released into agricultural land each year through the application of 29,000 tons of biosolid annually. The presence of a large number of microplastics in agricultural ecosystems has negative effects on soil quality, food security and human health. It alters the water retention capacity, soil microbial functions, and immobilization of essential nutrients for plant growth. Moreover, these microplastics can enter the food web, potentially endangering human health. Additionally, microplastics have extensive impacts on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their slow degradation, residual effects, and physical-chemical conversion over time.

The Feasibility of Converting Sewage Sludges into Biosolids as a Fertilizer for Use on Agricultural Land in China

Shirley (Huiyuan) Liu, MLWS 2022

The result of the increase of sewage production, the treatment of sewage sludge has become an important topic. The predominant sewage sludge treatment methods in China are land application (29.3%), incineration (26.7%), and landfilling (20.1%). Both incineration and landfilling are accompanied by large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so land application is becoming a major concern for sewage sludge treatment. This study focused on the feasibility of using sewage sludge to produce biosolids for application as fertilizer on agricultural land in China. This paper provided an integral analysis of the application of biosolids as fertilizer through an extensive literature review. The paper outlined the conditions for the application of biosolids as fertilizer, the factors limiting the use of biosolids as fertilizer, the treatment schemes for sewage sludge, and the methods for detecting contaminants in biosolids. Finally, based on the information collected, this paper provides solutions for the implementation of biosolids as fertilizer in China.

Evaluating the Potential Effects of Groundwater Withdrawals on Joseph Creek, BC

Yiming Zhang, MLWS 2022

The Joseph Creek Watershed in SE British Columbia is facing degradation to the aquatic ecosystem from reduced baseflow and disturbed fish habitats. Groundwater withdrawals from nearby wells are suspected to have a disruptive effect on the groundwater interactions with Joseph Creek's surface waters. An in-depth literature review was conducted to elucidate the processes and mechanisms by which aquifer withdrawals interact with hydrologically connected surface waters. Specific criteria including baseflow provisions, water temperature moderation, chemical transfers, and maintenance of aquatic and riparian ecological conditions were included in the review. Further discussion of British Columbia's groundwater regulations and management programs (e.g., the Water Sustainability Act, Groundwater Protection Regulation, well licensing/registrations, and Living Water Smart plan) was presented for management context, to address the degradation of Joseph Creek. Groundwater withdrawals from nearby aquifers were found to disturb the hydrological cycle, deteriorate water quality, degrade the ecosystem, and destabilize river channels due to land subsidence. Several strategies can be applied to recover groundwater depletion and rehabilitate Joseph Creek, including direct groundwater supplements to aquifers, Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), and baseflow augmentation.

Rainwater Harvesting for Non-Potable Purposes

Chenling (Maisie) Lu, MLWS 2022

The issue of water scarcity has been discussed for a long time, and there are many possible solutions offered by scholars and scientists, one of which is rainwater harvesting. Collected rainwater can be a useful water resource for non-potable water needs, to alleviate demands for treated water. It can be used directly on-site, and reduce the costs of supplying treated water for non-potable uses. Rainwater harvesting typically involves installing a simple system to collect and store rainwater from rooftops and other surfaces in a storage container; however, this is frequently used without any calculation of whether the existing surfaces provide sufficient volumes of water to meet demands. As a result, the collected rainwater may not align with demands. This study developed a framework to calculate the size of impervious surfaces needed for specific water use allocations by estimating a water budget. The UBC Farm located at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver campus, served as a case study for applying the framework. Based on the irrigation needs of the UBC farm, a model was developed to calculate how large an impervious surface is required to supply irrigation water. The benefits and disadvantages of rainwater harvesting were discussed. Rainwater harvesting is a useful strategy capitalizing on local water alternatives to alleviate regional water scarcity and better align water quality to non-potable uses. The author created a rainwater harvesting infographic, available here (Piktochart): https://create.piktochart.com/output/3c97be8653b0-house-blueprint

The role of floodplain mapping in managing flood risk in Canada

Yu Bai, MLWS 2022

Effective flood risk management measures need to be put in place in order to reduce the damages caused by floods. This paper reviews the floodplain map as a flood management tool; while maps are a widely accepted and credible source of information to support community decision-making on flood management, mapping technologies are rapidly evolving and many flood maps in Canada are significantly out of date. As communities (re)assess their floodplain information and management strategies, this document provides an information resource and review of important questions to consider in floodplain mapping. Why are floodplain maps important? What are the different types of floodplain maps, and what types of data are needed for their development? How do land use change and climate change impact the reliability of floodplain maps? Which types of flood maps are the most appropriate to support decisions around different land management concerns/priorities? In addition, this paper presents useful background information for the public, particularly those who are not familiar with flood management. The goal of this paper is to provide information for general public, communities and policy makers to utilize and develop flood management tools prudently, to ensure greater protection from floods.

Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture: To Promote Healthy Soil and Food Security

Qiaobo Yang, MLWS 2022

Several management practices of industrial agriculture, including the over application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, contribute to the degradation of soils and the degradation of land at a global scale. The result is a reduction in soil fertility, which in turn has led to a decrease in both the quantity and quality of crop production. With the ever-increasing demand for food to feed a growing world population, there is a critical need to support access to nutritious, culturally appropriate, and economically viable foods, while enhancing the soil health of our agroecosystems. The use of alternative practices in agricultural production has proven to provide a potential solution to the problems associated with soil degradation. Alternative agricultural practices are adopted as an approach to promote healthier soils and to provide farmers with more productive and higher quality crops. As alternative management practices improve soil health, the adoption of biofertilizers, offer a sustainable alternative to enhance soil health and achieve higher agricultural productivity. This paper informs and communicate with farmers and government officials the wide adoption of biofertilizers as an alternative to synthetic fertilizers, therefore reducing the environmental impacts related to synthetic fertilizers, while enhancing global food security.

Afforestation of Abandoned Agricultural and Degraded Land

Haoyue Wang, MLWS 2022

Afforestation helps to restore abandoned agricultural and degraded land into productive forests. Abandoned agricultural land and degraded land with improper use can have significant long-term losses of ecosystem function and services. Afforestation establishes a forest community on the land and helps the land recover to continue to provide ecological goods and services. The relationship between the microbial community and afforestation was found to be the most important factor for a successful outcome. Afforestation can increase microbial diversity, and the application of mulches, legumes, and biofertilizers are considered as good methods to adapt the microbe community and promote the success of afforestation. It is recommended that the general procedure for afforestation is by first defining the reference system and then describing a mix-species plantation with native tree species.

Connecting to Nature Through Ecological Restoration

A Case Study of Youth Involvement in Salmon Recovery in Washington State

Lauren Vorona, MLWS 2022

Engagement in nature is declining as access becomes increasingly limited, especially for urban youth. Youth-nature connection is falling alongside the salmon population in Washington state. This report aims to provide a guide to organizations who work with youth and those who do environmental work more broadly to strengthen youth-nature connection through salmon habitat restoration. The program must include, a community or whole watershed focus, the best science working in conjunction to local knowledge, and an understanding of the potential negative associations urban teens have with nature and a plan to change their mentality by providing engaging and safe experiences outdoors.

Effects of Heterosigma akashiwo blooms by Eutrophication in the Salish Sea

Shuhong Cao, MLWS 2022

Although algal blooms are one of the most common manifestations of marine pollution, little is known about the species that cause some algal blooms and their impact on ecological health. Broader exposure to harmful algae has emerged in coastal environments and food chains around the world, with increasing occurrences and resulting in the death of large numbers of marine life. This exposure is bound to continue as human-induced emissions of coastal pollutants increase. The impact of algal blooms on marine ecology during its occurrence has sounded an alarm to the world: algal blooms threaten aquatic ecological health on a global scale. The world's growing trends in marine pollutant production, emissions, and disposal must shrink and even stop for dealing with these threats. In terms of the impact of algal blooms on coastal ecological health, most of the research so far has been limited to some specific stages of the red tide phenomena. It is often limited to a single species and its reproduction, growth and exposure path. This practice obscures the fact that at each stage of the occurrence of algal blooms, there are distinct and complex interactions that affect marine ecological health: the activities and health of marine life, the functioning of the food chain, the quality of water bodies, and even air quality and terrestrial life in the region. This study details the effects of the reproductive and life cycle of a specific species responsible for harmful algal blooms in the waters of the Salish Sea, and on the levels of various substances in the water. It reveals numerous exposure pathways that affect the health of marine life in the region. This study briefly describes the effects of ingestion, inhalation, and exposure to aquatic organisms, as well as toxic chemicals associated with these algae, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause respiratory failure. This study further shows that human activities and pollutant discharges may exacerbate the exposure and risk to these waters by the harmful algal bloom. Despite some gaps in the data, the evidence gathered in this study is sufficient to conclude that measures are urgently needed to reduce human exposure to the waters and make them ecologically free from the red tide pollution.

Opportunities to increase relevance of climate services for farmers

Maya Korb, MLWS 2022

Climate services are the provision of information to support decision-making. Within the agriculture industry, climate services can offer farmers better resources to prepare for or respond to climate variability. These services take many forms including data, in-person collaboration, and evidence-based recommendations. This report presents a review of the current state of global climate services to deliver relevant information for use on the farm. In doing so, it also provides an overview of the current challenges to meet farmers’ needs that exist with both climate data and the explicit recommendations that come from climate service providers. The data collected for this project was obtained by a literature review of global sources to understand what climate services recommendations can be used to address these outstanding challenges, utilizing research and implementation approaches from around the world. In summary, the findings of this research suggest a push towards greater investment in localized climate service operations, which allow climate services providers to better deliver information for more narrow time scales and spatial scales. These localized climate services are more tailored to local communities or specific farmers’ needs. These investments could also provide opportunities for farmers to collect their own weather data for more specific forecasts. Furthermore, this report recommends that climate service providers focus on supporting farmers through variable weather events throughout the season through stronger knowledge transfer approaches, which allow farmers to understand potential sources of uncertainty using these recommendations. Insights from the evaluation of climate services can help support local decision-making – on the farm, within a community and in policy.

FEED THE CULTURE, FEED THE PEOPLE:

Understanding the Role of Indigenous Young People in Revitalizing Food Systems

Marika Maj, MLWS 2022

Globally, nationally, and provincially, there has been an acknowledgement of the inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples to their territories, traditions, and foods, with an interest in paving a pathway toward reconciliation through Canada’s adoption of the globally founded United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and British Columbia’s implementation of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act. The provincial-level act led the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food to work with Indigenous members comprising the recently established British Columbia Indigenous Advisory Council on Agriculture and Food to enhance the equitable participation of Indigenous Peoples in food systems. The ministry and council have identified a priority to strengthen Indigenous food security, food sovereignty, and build food system resilience to advance Indigenous self-determination, further self-sufficiency, improve resilience to climate change, prioritize the revitalization of cultures, and advance lasting and meaningful reconciliation. There is particular interest in understanding the role Indigenous young people play in meeting this priority due to their perceived vitality among Elders and Indigenous leaders in sustaining food systems for future generations and ensuring food system resilience and cultural continuity. iii The objectives of this paper were to (1) investigate the challenges and opportunities in strengthening Indigenous food security, food sovereignty, and food system resilience within Canada, while assessing the relevance to food system participation of Indigenous young people in British Columbia; and to (2) provide recommendations to the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the British Columbia Indigenous Advisory Council on Agriculture and Food to aid in their mission to promote Indigenous young people’s equitable, active, and meaningful participation within food systems in British Columbia. The objectives were met through a semi-systematic literature review. This paper intends to lay the foundation for future work that directly engages Indigenous young people in research and decision-making related to food systems in British Columbia.

An Evaluation of Environmental Effects and Remediation of Toxic Elements in Metal Mines

Haina Luo, MLWS 2022

Heavy metal pollution by mining activities can occur in a wide range of regions across BC. Improperly closed mines can create serious long-term environmental and health impacts. For example, the Pinchi mercury mine, and the Britannia copper mine remained to be some of the most polluted areas even decades after closure. The Bralorn-Pioneer gold mines were left a ghost town without any remediation until they came back to production in 2017. The level of metal contamination can be affected by many factors, including the main ore type, the structure of the mines, geological setting, climate, etc. With different combinations of natural settings and different mine structures, each mine can create environmental problems in its unique way. Therefore, remediation planning cannot be limited to a series of actions targeting individual problems after mine closure, but to be provided along the designing and operating stages. This project aims to examine the differences between different mines in BC by reviewing past geological surveys, remediation reports, and related pieces of literature. The project found that microbes with performance-enhancing amendments can treat problems such as AMD in metal mines. However, more field-level work needs to be conducted to accurately assess the ultility of microbes.

Effectiveness of Urban Green Infrastructure: Management Challenges in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia

Ying Li, MLWS 2022

The accelerated climate change and the associated more intense and frequent extreme weather events have caught worldwide attention, and urban environments are significantly more vulnerable to the problem. Likewise, Metro Vancouver also encounters increased urban heat island effects, disturbed water balance, degraded ecosystem services, and other stressors from climate variabilities. In response to the current situation, the city extensively encourages the operations of green infrastructure initiatives, seeing them as mitigation solutions for future climate change due to the potential advantages. However, the challenges of incorporating them into urban landscapes have not been well explored. Also, there is currently a lack of awareness of the monitoring needs after the construction. Therefore, the project aims to determine the benefits and challenges of using urban trees and constructed wetlands as green infrastructure initiatives in the city. Meanwhile, highlight the monitoring requirements for sustaining the efforts. Based on the systematic literature review, urban trees and constructed wetlands play a key role in sustainable water management and mitigating the leading factors and impacts of climate variabilities. However, they are also susceptible to short-term extreme weather events and longterm climate warming, which may impede their functionalities and lead to adverse environmental impacts. Consequently, a monitoring program that provides clear guidelines for relevant indicator assessments and appropriate frequency is necessary for determining the effectiveness of the green infrastructure performance and providing directions for further management. Beyond that, the collaboration between different groups, including the public, experts, local government, and nongovernmental organizations, can improve the efficiencies but can be challenging. In addition to the monitoring needs, the city should raise concerns about plant susceptibility to climate change and understand the various trade-offs between broadleaf and coniferous trees, developing a more resilient species composition in the city. More research on wetland plants and their responses to heat stress and other climate variabilities is particularly needed.

Remediation of River Eutrophication

Harpreet Kaur, MLWS 2022

Water eutrophication is one of the most serious global issues as water quality and scarcity become more common. Most research, conducted to date, have focused on eutrophication linked with lake, wet land and ocean ecosystems or other zones with little movement of water into and out of the system, largely because algal blooms, which are associated with eutrophication grow quickly water zones where the water. becomes anoxic. In contrast, the river ecosystem is a complex and unique area of concern, in terms of eutrophication moving waters are dynamic systems, with continuous mixing that maintains toxic conditions, not a condition for eutrophication. Although river eutrophication is common in regions dense populations and industries river eutrophication is becoming a more common and serious problem as these regions often rely on the river for potable water. Thus, river water remediated has received little scientific attention and at present the focus has been on either controlling sources of the where pollution is entering the river or by treating the polluted water as an effluent, an expensive alternative, especially in lesser developed countries. However, it is better to control the sources rather to treat the polluted water. The systematic review was conducted to find innovative approaches to resolve this problem. As a case study, the Sutlej River of Punjab, India was selected as a case which is a good example of river eutrophication. The River is experiencing rapid eutrophication as the result of rapid industrialization, and urbanization. The review resulted in three major source sites responsible for affecting the river water. The analysis led to the suggestion that phycoremediation and the application of ecosystem activation system technology could serve as an effective management option to address this serious condition. However, it is important and the responsibility of the state government, the general public, industries, and water management societies to collaborate on this developing issue and to take appropriate actions.

Evaluation Of Remediation Techniques Used For Contaminated Lands By Oil Spills

Olaoluwa Michael Igbalajobi, MLWS 2022

Oil spills have been a significant menace in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria over the past few decades. These spills have occurred due to a wide range of reasons including sabotage, operational error, and equipment fault, to mention but a few. Despite existing regulations that mandate oil companies to be responsible for the cleanup of oil spills, only a minute portion of contaminated lands in this region have been remediated. This has caused untold hardship to residents of the communities in this region as their primary source of livelihood, farming, and fishing, are consistently lost to these incidents. Therefore, this study evaluated the remediation techniques that have been adopted across the region and globally to determine the appropriate techniques that would be suitable for this particular region. Before this study, most research had focused on single techniques, and each technique had their limitation. It was unclear whether a holistic approach to the policy regulating oil companies' operations and a multidisciplinary strategy to choice of remediation techniques could improve the situation. A review of published articles in the news, journals, and regulatory policies was conducted to determine how best to tackle this task. The various reviews showed that the nature of spills and circumstances surrounding each spill in this region was complex. Also, remediation techniques adopted for the region's cleanup were not documented. The review of other major oil spill incidents worldwide showed that each remediation technique has its major demerits but can be adapted to meet restoration goals. The study developed a framework based on five criteria: timeframe, climate/geography, efficiency/effectiveness, associated costs, and environmental considerations. The study concluded that, indeed, a complex problem could not be solved with a simple solution which means a range of remediation techniques may need to be adopted for each spill incident. This study will inform decision-makers and oil companies of the need to review existing cleanup operation policies and procedures for optimal results.

Effect of Soil Management on Soil Erosion – With Focus on Tillage System

Claire Huang, MLWS 2022

Population expansion and life quality improvements rapidly increase the global food demand. However, many arable lands are converted for industrial and residential use. The requirement to maximize food supply on limited arable land promotes the implementation of modern agriculture. Modern agriculture can effectively increase food supply through monoculture, genetic manipulation, intensive tillage, and chemicals usage. However, the effects of modern agriculture on soil, including biodiversity reduction, nutrient deficiency, and soil structure destruction promote land degradation. It decreases the long-term ability of soil to provide food and environmental services. Erosion is the primary reason for land degradation, and intensive tillage is the main practice to cause erosion. Intensive tillage breaks soil aggregates and reduces macroporosity, which decreases the water storage and water drainage ability of soil. The decreased soil organisms and aggregates resulting from frequent tillage decrease biodiversity and slow the soil nutrient cycling. Unlike chemical and biological effects, which have well-documented assessment methods, the interaction of soil and external factors makes physical effects hard to assess. With the case study in the Anding District, this paper comprehensive literature reviews and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to assess the physical effects of different tillage methods in the case study based on the loess plateau soil. Through the effect on bulk density, porosity, aggregates, and field capacity of the conventional tillage and three no-till methods, the result shows that no-till with stubble cover produces less soil disturbance and has the highest erosion resistance. To promote the transformation of conventional tillage to no-till with stubble cover, this paper recommends the local government implement farmers' education, provide subsidies, and strengthen the collaboration between enterprises and farmers. These strategies can increase the willingness and ability of local farmers to change tillage methods, which support the erosion control program of the government.

Urbanization Associated with Heavy Metal Pollution

A Review of Threats to Drinking Water Source Quality of Changchun City, in NE China.

Shihan Zhang, MLWS 2022

Changchun is a typical city that experienced significant urbanization constructions in the past decades. With the continuous economic development, the expansion of the city, and the improvement of people's living standards, the heavy metals pollution of drinking water resources in Changchun will rapidly increase. Drinking water is an essential and fundamental requirement for supporting human living. However, heavy metal acclamation in the drinking water resources can affect the drinking water quality and threaten Changchun residents. Comparing the data of Xinlicheng reservoir and Shitoukoumen reservoir indicates the urbanization affected by heavy metals pollution from point and nonpoint sources. The second Songhua river also suffers the heavy metals pollutants from urban sewage and industrial wastewater. In addition, the heavy metal sediment in the Second Songhua river might also come from the sediment transport from other cities through the river basin. This paper lacks primary data to support the evidence, which might result from the reliance on secondary data sources. This study is limited to the published literature on the topics of interest outlined earlier. Therefore, the Changchun government needs particular policies to address the problem of heavy metal pollution while simultaneously balancing the rise of urbanization and environmental harm.

Biochar in Animal Agriculture: The Potential for Cascading Benefits and Resource Circularity

Jack Edgar, MLWS 2022

Agriculture is both a major contributor to climate change and one of the most vulnerable industries to its effects (Blandford and Hassapoyannes, 2018; Lipper et al., 2014). Agriculture, forestry, and land use change are estimated to account for 24% of global GHG emissions (IPCC, 2014). Emissions from animal agriculture are particularly high, contributing 16.5% to global GHG emissions (i.e., 69% of the total agricultural sector) (Twine, 2021). Meanwhile, farmers are inextricably affected by extreme weather events that are exacerbated by the changing climate. To mitigate the GHG emissions contributing to climate change and increase resilience to extreme weather events, farmers and ranchers must adopt climate-smart practices. One versatile tool for mitigating and adapting to climate change is biochar. Biochar is charcoal which is used as a soil amendment or for other environmental management purposes (Lehmann and Joseph, 2015). Its main agricultural benefits include increasing soil water and nutrient holding capacity, remediating contaminants, reducing GHGs and improving soil structure. The organic carbon formed in biochar is highly resistant to decay, lasting for hundreds to thousands of years; thus, producing biochar is a potential method of carbon sequestration (Lehmann and Joseph, 2015). In addition to its use as a soil amendment, integrating biochar into animal agriculture systems has demonstrated several benefits (Graves et al., 2022, Schmidt et al., 2019). Biochar can be integrated into animal agriculture through feeding, bedding, composting, anaerobic digestion, manure slurries and producing biochar with manure. Through these applications, biochar can reduce ammonia, GHGs, and odors while also improving animal health, production efficiencies, and resource circularity. Incorporating biochar into animal agriculture also increases the quality of biochar by inoculating the surfaces and pores with nutrients and microbes (Joseph et al., 2015; Mia et al., 2017). These improved biochars can then be applied to agricultural soils, improving soil health and climate resilience.

Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture in Canada: A Comparative Analysis

Sylvia (Xiaojing) Deng, MLWS 2022

Climate change has become one of the most critical concerns globally today. Evidence includes the increase of surface temperature, the increase of extreme climate events, changes in freshwater availability, the rise of sea level, the decrease of snow cover and ice across the world. In Canada, climate change effects are projected to continue in the future. Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to be impacted by climate change. Changes in climate can affect crop yield, livestock health, and economies of countries. On the other hand, agriculture is one of the major contributors to climate change, producing a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are three main GHGs from agricultural crop production and livestock activities, all of which have great warming effects to the atmosphere. Canada has committed to reduce GHG emissions by 40% - 45% below the historical level in 2005 by 2030, and net-zero emission by 2050 (Government of Canada, 2021). Canada’s agriculture is an important part of Canadian economy, which generated 2.1 % of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 (Government of Canada, 2021). British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario are three provinces with distinguished agricultural features. Agriculture plays significant roles in these provinces’ economies. However, agricultural GHG emissions from these regions are also high. Governments should develop relevant policies and encourage more efficient management practices with a focus on reducing GHGs from the agricultural sector. This white paper focuses on the GHG emissions within the farm gate, excluding the emissions from burning of fossil fuel for on-farm machinery and land use/land use change/forestry, while assessing major sources of GHG emissions from various sectors in Canada by provinces and enterprises, and providing recommendations for climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Understanding the environmental processes when removing small dams

Dingfan Cui, MLWS 2022

At the end of their life-cycle dams can be removed or rebuilt. Dam removal can be used to recover the ecosystem; avoid the dam failure and the loss of property and life. Many countries have promulgated policies for removing small dams and have begun to carry out small dam removals projects. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the challenges and benefit of small dam removal can be useful to wide range of managers. This report reviewed literature and provided case studies material to show what can be learned when contemplation dam removal. Dams have significant impacts on river ecosystem, causing changes in the hydrological regime, water quality and river channel morphology. Small dam removal can result in short-term problems (reservoir erosion, downstream sediment transport, and ecosystem disruption over minutes to months) and long-term responses (changes in overall watershed conditions over weeks to decades, including habitats improvement, environmental services restoration), which can be highly variable because of the different characteristics of dams and reservoirs. In many watersheds climate change can have positive or negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem before or after dam removal. However, climate change will likely contribute to the creation of a different ecosystem that was present before the dam was built and the one that was created during the period of dam operations.

More Than Just Green Space: Urban Parks and Holistic Well-being for Reconnecting People to Nature

Kyree Chen, MLWS 2022

With the significant increase in population, the urban sector occupies more and more natural areas for human land use. As the boundary between urban and nature becomes distinct and further away from the city`s center, urban residents tend to be disconnected from nature. By looking through this anthropocentric lens, it can be seen how important the preservation of urban green spaces is to the residents. The Urban Park, one of the most common blue-green facilities, plays a vital role in the urban ecosystem. However, its functions and services are not fully appreciated by the public that is disconnected from nature. This project provided an integrated view of an urban park on its benefits from different perspectives, to inspire people to reconnect with nature by ‘forest bathing’ in urban parks and acknowledge the indispensable role of urban parks.

Examining the Effects of Climate Extremes on the Water Supply-Demand System of Two British Columbia Watersheds:

Ahmad Amer, MLWS 2022

An analysis of the water supply-demand system was examined to better understand the effects of climate extremes on the Chapman Creek Watershed in the Sunshine Coast and on the Norrish Creek Watershed in the Abbotsford-Mission region. Both regions are facing a challenge where the population is continuing to increase, and climatic changes are becoming more unpredictable. Precipitation, temperature, and discharge data was obtained and used to identify climatic trends for both watersheds. These trends are a direct result of climate change where both Sunshine Coast and Abbotsford-Mission region are experiencing a decrease in summer precipitation, an increase in extreme temperatures, unpredictable changes in streamflow during extreme events, and a decrease in snowpack. There is clear evidence of a shift in earlier snowmelt and earlier spring freshet. These changes and their implications influence the water consumption and the water supply for both watersheds. Both systems are noticing an increased demand for water during the summer where precipitation is low, and temperatures are high. As climatic models continue to predict future trends, both watersheds will require careful management in order to supply enough water and to meet the water demand during peak seasons. Emphasis should be placed on conservation management techniques as this is the most feasible and cost-effective option. It will be crucial to understand the impacts of climate change on the water supply and demand of these smaller communities which may provide future insight into managing larger systems.

Assessment of the Vulnerability and Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Local Small Watersheds in British Columbia

Cecilia (Yingquan) Zhou, MLWS 2021

Watershed management has been deployed as an important approach for planning and managing water with flexible frameworks. Understanding the implication of climate change on the watershed is essential to protect each eco-aquatic system. The objective of this project is to conduct an assessment of watershed vulnerability with potential impacts on exposure and sensitivity in local watersheds in British Columbia, the Mission/Wagg Creek in North Vancouver and the Fishtrap Creek in Kamloops.

The major climate changes in both watersheds are increased annual temperature and precipitation with seasonal variabilities. For the Mission/Wagg Creek, based on the results from the semi-distributed SWMM (stormwater management model), the drainage and sewage system can handle the increased rainfall intensity and runoff simulations with a necessary partial upgrade on certain infrastructure. For Fishtrap Creek, the water quantity and quality will decrease due to climate change, especially for the years following a forest fire. The increase in temperature and decrease in seasonal precipitation will help spread the wildfires, resulting in worsening or longer fire season. Planning for Fishtrap Creek should focus on reducing the likelihood and impacts of wildfires, such as developing recovery plans. Due to the limitation of time, no quantitative analysis was conducted for the Fishtrap Creek. Overall, a great vulnerability was indicated for both watersheds, requiring more efforts and quantitative analysis on the impacts of climate change regarding watershed management in the future.

Applying Constructed Wetland to Treat Wastewater of Baoding City

Shaochen Yuan, MLWS 2021

The project is about applying constructed wetlands to remove pollutants from wastewater in Baoding, China. Baoding is at a critical traffic crossroad between Beijing and Tianjin and the Baiyangdian River is the most important water resource for the Huabei plain area. It is, therefore, necessary to improve and maintain high water quality in the river.

Constructed wetlands are in an advanced stage and offer numerous services that reduce flooding impacts and improve the water quality. However, constructed wetlands are still relatively new and many cities in China have little experience in deciding what the best design options are to deal with the different climatic conditions, the local environmental settings, and the different contaminants in the rivers.

This study aims to evaluate the options and challenges of using constructed wetlands in Baoding to improve the water quality in the river. The research focus is to identify the best design of core elements and find the best solutions to operate and manage such systems. The results will show what the major type and pollution sources are, which will help the government decide how best to improve the water quality. The design plans of the wetland will provide the Baoding government with the opportunity to find a higher efficient way to improve the water quality in the river. Finally, the project will provide a blueprint on how to achieve the goals set in the environmental plan in the next five years.

Understanding and Solutions to Challenges for Optimizing Land Application of Biosolids Outcomes in BC

Kaiwen Xiao, MLWS 2021

Biosolids have been applied on land for more than a century. It has a high content of organic matter and nutrients and can improve soil quality effectively. In British Columbia, land application of biosolids has become a key solution to deal with land pressure and degradation, and the process is under strict regulations to preserve human and environmental health.

However, biosolids are recovered from wastewater, which means harmful pollutants may still exist in biosolids after standard treatment processes. Although the regulations introduced by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment have mentioned the level of common pollutants in wastewater and biosolids, the emerging organic pollutants researches since the 1970s and the public perception of biosolids have become two major factors hindering the widespread land application of biosolids.

This white paper presents a literature review, stating the properties of emerging organic pollutants and public perception of biosolids land application in British Columbia. In the end, it will provide solutions for the dilemmas to optimize the land application of biosolid outcomes.

Role of Urban Forests on Hydrological Cycle in Metro Vancouver

Qinshu Weng, MLWS 2021

With increasing urbanization, more and more trees are removed from forested landscapes. Urban forests become more important as urban forests have many benefits mitigating air pollution, increasing oxygen and decreasing the heat island effect. Although there are many studies on the effect of urban forests on the hydrological cycle, the methods to implement urban forests in cities are lacking. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of an urban forest on the hydrological cycle in Metro Vancouver and make recommendations on sustaining the urban forest to regulate the hydrological cycle.

A comparative analysis was conducted. The study site was Pacific Spirit Regional Park (PSRP) and its adjacent urban city (Vancouver) in Metro Vancouver. The study compared the effects of urban forests on the hydrological cycle encompassing PSRP with non-disturbed old-growth forests and PSRP with disturbed areas (second-growth forests and trails) to the adjacent urban residential areas of Vancouver in terms of runoff and evapotranspiration. The literature was used for the calculation of runoff and evapotranspiration.

Based on the results, several recommendations are suggested for implementing urban forests. First, it is important to maintain as much as old forests as possible. Second, it is beneficial to minimize the number of trails and roads. Third, everyone in cities needs to maintain as much green space as possible, and fourth, it is useful to plant trees in cities for future development. In conclusion, urban forests are important and should not be ignored in future urban developments.

Weaving Indigenous and Western Ways of Knowing in Land and Water Conservation: Synthesis & Recommendations Towards Effective, Mutually Respectful and Beneficial Collaborations

Jeff Sha, MLWS 2021

Under the growing threat of climate change, the constraints of western scientific frameworks are becoming more apparent in the context of land, water, and resource management. As such, calls for bridging or weaving multiple ways of knowing, such as Indigenous knowledge, have been on the rise. Past interactions between Indigenous knowledge holders and Western scientists and decision-makers have been hampered by concerns regarding philosophical differences, cultural differences, Indigenous rights, and competing objectives. Despite a healthy number of interactions, synthesis of interactions and collaborations between Indigenous knowledge holders and western-counterparts have been scarce.

Through a literature review, a synthesis of these interactions, lessons learned, and a set of recommendations are provided in hopes to contribute to having effective, mutually respectful, and beneficial collaborations in the future. The literature review revealed that Indigenous worldviews and those of western science have differing philosophical roots that translate into how they approach conservation and management. In addressing these difficulties, I present a set of recommendations to empower Indigenous rights, involvement and voices, the Mi’kmaw Two-Eyed Seeing approach as well as three case studies as examples of effective, meaningful, mutually respectful and beneficial collaborations. The text concludes with an invitation for readers to reflect on their position in this conversation and explore the supplemented reading lists at their interest.

Remediation of Acid Rock Drainage: Current Prevention and Mitigation Methods

Ana Carolina Reinesch Souza, MLWS 2021

Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) is recognized as a major environmental issue globally, especially for hard rock sulfide mining. Among negative impacts of ARD are threats to ecosystem health, destruction of habitats, deterioration of aquatic ecosystems, risk of groundwater contamination and public health concerns. The traditional treatment involves neutralization by adding lime or limestone and has significant environmental impacts and very short long-term performance. Besides, ARD varies significantly between mine sites, thereby other remediation strategies may provide better results than the active neutralization method.

This paper presents a review of the various techniques available and assesses biological and abiotic remediation methods currently used worldwide. The goal is to provide alternative sustainable remedies other than active neutralization with lime/limestone, contribute to ecological restoration, a recommended next step to mitigation strategies and support site-specific decision-making processes in mine sites impacted by ARD. For future research, the next steps would be: to include other emerging strategies in the comparison, especially the integration of different approaches and the use of industrial by-products, and to evaluate the potential of each technique to support site-specific ecological restoration actions. Insights from the comparison of available remediation methods, based on key factors such as costs, effectiveness and environmental impacts, may help site-specific decision-making process and inform local communities, the reclamation practitioner and environmental engineers on more sustainable remediation strategies available.

Predictive Digital Soil Mapping

Lindsay Nelson, MLWS 2021

Soil is important to human and environmental health and ecological functioning. There is a demand for high-resolution quantitative soil data in many applications including agriculture, forestry, mining, land reclamation, and environmental science. Soil scientists are trying to meet this demand using new mapping methods. Soil scientists combine soil observations with models of soil-landscape relationships to interpret how soil varies over space. Conventional mapping depends on mental models and produces sharply bounded map units with qualitative estimates of accuracy and uncertainty. The process of conventional mapping is time-consuming and resource-intensive, and the results are not updatable or completely reproducible.

Recent technological advancement (GIS, remote sensing, computer processing) has enabled soil mapping to become more quantitative. Predictive digital mapping harnesses statistical techniques to generate soil maps with gridded continuous data and quantitative uncertainty estimates. These maps can be updated dynamically as new data becomes available. The inputs for predictive mapping are soil values used to calibrate and validate models and environmental covariates. Maps are commonly produced using existing or legacy data, often due to budget constraints, but the collection of new data using statistical sampling designs and an independent dataset for model validation have the potential to generate the greatest accuracy.

Predictive digital soil mapping has progressed from academic to operational over the last decade. Soil survey agencies in many countries now incorporate these techniques with good results. Some soil properties and classifications can be predicted with suitable levels of accuracy, but others are more difficult to estimate, providing opportunities for future developments. With this progress, the development of minimum quality standards has improved, but a universal system is yet to be enforced. Communication with end-users is critical to the success of PDSM, to ensure that mapping products are valuable and being applied judiciously.

Full report available upon request.

Study of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Performances of Constructed Wetlands Managing and Treating Stormwater in Urban Areas

Ariane Mathgen, MLWS 2021

In a time of continuous urbanization, increased stormwater runoff due to expanding impervious surfaces causes downstream erosion and floods and lowers water quality. Constructed wetlands have been developed in the last few decades as environment-friendly and cost-effective alternatives to traditional stormwater management systems. They retain water and help it infiltrate the soil which makes them a useful tool for stormwater management in urban areas. They also act as natural filters and are able to process polluted water to a certain extent.

France has been among the first countries to get interested in constructed wetlands and uses many of them to regulate the flow of rivers like the Seine. The country is also building more and more wetlands for stormwater management and water treatment.

The design and efficiency of constructed wetlands depend on the local climate (temperature, precipitation). With climate change, it is important to consider how constructed wetlands and their performances could be impacted by future climates. Surprisingly, this field has not been studied much yet. This paper identifies the main characteristics of climate change in France according to the area. Then, the impacts of these climatic changes are studied in three different case studies. Solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change are then proposed.

Assessment and Mitigation of Environmental Impacts from the Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy Development, Atlantic Canada

Mengyao Li, MLWS 2021

Tidal energy has the potential to substantially advance future sustainable development. Tidal energy is a renewable energy resource that helps meet the continuously increasing global energy demand while producing very little greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to other traditional energy sources (fossil fuels, coal, oil, etc.). In-stream tidal turbines placed under the ocean surface extract energy from the rise and fall of the tides. Tidal energy has attracted considerable attention, particularly in areas where tidal ranges are particularly high. The Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia has the world's highest tidal range, making it an ideal location to develop tidal energy projects. Several tidal energy development projects are authorized for development at the Bay of Fundy.

The report provides a comprehensive review on the potential environmental impacts of tidal energy extraction at the Bay of Fundy while considering further climate change and sea-level rise, and provides a recommendation framework to mitigate these adverse effects. This report also provides a recommendation framework relevant to the Bay of Fundy tidal energy extraction, mainly including energy appliances enhancement, monitoring machinery establishment and regulatory agencies creation. Optimizing the blade shape, avoiding the application of Cu-contains coating and applying seabird-friendly lights to mitigate the negative impacts. Building up rescue stations, establishing fully functional protected areas, and conducting soil remediation to restore the disturbed ecosystem.

Assessment of the Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Stormwater Managing Initiatives:

Jiawei Li, MLWS 2021

Climate change and urban development have overwhelmed the original urban water system in many places. The resulting series of runoff pollution, flooding, urban waterlogging and other problems threaten the health of the city and people's lives. In order to improve urban resilience, restore ecology, and promote livability, cities have embraced the concept of low impact design (LID) and are merging traditional and environmentally beneficial approaches to minimize these impacts. In this study, the rainwater management approaches developed by the city of Vancouver in Canada and Wuhan in China, was compared.

The strength and weaknesses of the strategies of the two cities were reviewed and compared using available literature, reports and government plans. The technological approaches for rainwater management were found to be similar except for the additional problem of river flooding that is an additional constraint in Wuhan. The main differences between the two approaches were found to be in government policies, financial support and the decision-making process. Wuhan’s approach is more ambitious, focuses on a top-down approach and has more financial support, while Vancouver’s approach is taking much longer to develop because of extensive community consultation and phased financial support. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages but have the same ultimate aims. Furthermore, several recommendations are provided to the city's policymakers.

Integrated Land Management of Low Capability Public Land in the Cariboo-Chilcotin

Emily Koopmans, MLWS 2021

Increasingly, expectations of social, economic, and environmentally conscious solutions are at the forefront of land management discussions. The reality is that conventional segregated approaches are unable to address all opposing resource user’s concerns adequately. Integrated land management, a landscape approach, seeks to rectify this divergence and attempts to accommodate the value and aspiration of all stakeholders into a biophysical public land-use plan. In the Cariboo Regional District of British Columbia, such an attempt occurred, albeit unsuccessfully, increasing tension and distrust between resource users. The potential benefits of such processes are comprehensible in the literature but would realistically require more equitable and sensitive strategies in practice. Simultaneously, a sound scientific foundation is necessary to advocate for environmentally sound practices. On public lands, there is a practical opportunity to harmonize cultural values with ecological protection and development through public lands grazing, especially on landscapes of marginal quality, as the opportunity costs remain low.

What Is Soil Health? The First Step Towards Sustainability

Josephine Killoren, MLWS 2021

Conventional agriculture has supported the human population but has led to the degradation of agroecosystems. The quality and the health of soil are rapidly deteriorating and becoming less fertile. Current agricultural practice poses threats to the environment causing degradation of water quality, land erosion, risking global food security and harming human health. These places of conventional agriculture are nearly abiotic, fewer and fewer organisms can survive in the soil due to excessive tillage and other inputs such as pesticides and herbicides. Policies, literature and Institutions have a lack of information on the role soil biodiversity plays in soil health and the health of the public. This literature review will discuss this knowledge gap and how soil health and its diversity is the first step towards more sustainable practice. A holistic approach to sustainability would be one through which the alternative practices must protect the environment, be economically viable and socially fair. Economic viability was found to be the main barrier to adopting sustainable practices. Conventional agriculture is organized to a single crude principle, yield, where it may seem like this system is thriving on paper, but it is failing on nearly every other measure, such as the environment and human health that it is trying to sustain. We must start adapting strategies that regenerate the soil and are sustainable and viable for farmers to perform. Soil health and soil biodiversity are defined with their benefits to the agroecosystem and public health. The challenges and benefits of conventional, organic and regenerative agriculture are outlined, including their economic and social viability in their applications to sustainable agriculture.

The Need for Sustainable Mining: Characterization of Ultramafic/Mafic Minerals for Mine Reclamation in BC

Anne Joseph, MLWS 2021

The impact of anthropogenic activities such as mining necessitates the knowledge of mechanisms to reduce disturbances to land and water resources affected, contributing to sustainable approaches to mine reclamation in British Columbia (B.C.). Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), a significant threat to climate change, have urged mining companies to diversify methods to sequester carbon to tackle these issues in B.C. Mine tailings have been useful as a feedstock in sequestering carbon, creating opportunities for mining companies to balance any emissions they may have produced during exploration activities. However, these tailings have posed dangers of acid mine drainage (AMD) and metal leaching (ML) into surrounding geoecosystems. Peer-reviewed articles were analyzed and used to assess the effect of biological activities in mine tailings. Organic amendments such as biosolids were found to have a positive impact on mine sites over long periods. Carbon pools, plant productivity, soil physiochemical properties and application rates of biosolids on mine soils were evaluated to assess the effect of biosolids. Outcomes revealed an increase in enzymatic activities, soil quality and quantity, positively impacting the biogeochemical cycle. The most significant impact is a cost-effective approach for neutralizing acidified mine soils through AMD and ML, reducing land and groundwater contamination hazards. In addition, a systematic review on the study of weathering rates of mine tailing was also conducted. A significant synthesis suggests that it is essential to conduct further research to understand the weathering sequence of minerals coupled with the addition of organic amendments to ultramafic mine tailings to promote the formation of anthroposols during carbon sequestration. This synthesis has provided the basis for studies related to mine reclamation of lands affected by acidified processes, which is pivotal to developing a sustainable geoecosystem.

Environmental Impact of Food Waste Bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly Insects: Food Waste Consumption and Production of an Alternative Protein Source for Livestock

Alex Henson, MLWS 2021

This study investigates food waste bioconversion and ascertains whether it could provide a viable livestock protein source to mainstream alternatives such as soy, from both a production and an environmental perspective. The paper analyses bioconversion using insects as a method to refine food waste to produce protein in the United Kingdom examines the resultant reduction in terms of the environmental impact and draws a comparison with the production of soy.

The study suggests that insect feed produced by bioconversion is more environmentally friendly than soy-based animal feed. This is due to the extent of land required for the production of soy and the related deforestation coupled with biodiversity loss associated with farming this crop. However, insect feed requires more energy consumption than soy, potentially leading to an increase in global warming, although this can be mitigated by the use of renewable energy. Emissions savings relating to local insect production rather than soy importation is negligible as food is transported before being categorised as a waste product and then further transported to the insect farms and finally distributed as a product.

The study concludes that insect protein farming is both a viable replacement for soy farming and a more environmentally friendly alternative. However, insect protein farming as an industry is still in its early stages and it requires further innovation and research to determine the full potential of its application both as a food waste processor and as an alternative protein source.

Building Green Infrastructures: Assessment of Bioretention Practices Initiatives in Vancouver

Rachel Gao, MLWS 2021

In recent decades, the continued growth of urban development and climate change have led to multiple issues that affect the sustainability of urban drainage systems. The increase in impervious surface areas and extreme rainfall events in urban areas have altered watershed hydrology and groundwater hydrologic. Typical impacts include higher peak flows and runoff volumes, shorter lag times, and reduced infiltration and baseflow. Urban runoff also increases pollutants and nutrients, thereby degrading water bodies downstream in urban creeks. One of the most commonly used practices to mitigate these impacts is bioretention. Bioretention can capture and treat rainwater to return rainfall to a natural pathway and provide aesthetic and ecological values to treat rainfall as a resource.

Despite its widespread use globally, research on bioretention systems remains active, particularly in the areas of its design and performance. This paper reviews a recent study focusing on bioretention, including the development and design application of bioretention systems, the performance of bioswales and rain gardens in hydrologic impact and water quality.

This paper focuses on the analysis of bioretention practices implementation in the City of Vancouver and uses Portland and Seattle as successful examples. In the City of Vancouver, there are a few comprehensive policies and strategies related to G.I. implementations, but with less public support and people’s awareness. Both Portland and Seattle are at mature G.I. implementation stages that have also met similar challenges and have overcome them with strategic solutions, such as public engagement and providing Incentives and Rebates. Therefore, the City of Vancouver should learn from these two thriving cities.

Disappearing Glaciers: Exposing Vulnerabilities in the Rio Santa Basin Water Supply

Cole Dinsdale, MLWS 2021

Climate change drastically impacts regions worldwide, with some being more vulnerable to changing climatic conditions than others. The Rio Santa Basin contains the largest glaciated mountain range in Peru, the Cordillera Blanca, and these glaciers are experiencing rapid retreat. The glacierized mountains are the main water source for the basin by providing meltwater for agriculture, industrial, and domestic use throughout the year.

Climate projections consider both high and low emissions and population scenarios. Each case estimates significant warming in the tropical Andes between three and four degrees Celsius. With significant warming in the region, the high mountains may be increasingly vulnerable due to the ice-albedo feedback loop, therefore increasing the rate of glacial melt in the area. Most glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca have passed or are near the “peak meltwater” stage, meaning decreased flows are predicted into the future and, depending on the extent of glacier recession, annual flows in the Santa River may decrease by up to 30%. The impact during the dry season would be more severe, with estimated flow reductions ranging from 50 to 84%. A downward trend in water supply has already been reported in the basin, along with increased seasonality.

Consequently, the Rio Santa Basin should focus on transitioning away from water-intensive crops such as mangos, artichokes, asparagus, and avocados and switch to low water use options. Furthermore, government support in educating and funding smaller-scale farmers to install efficient infrastructure or learn better irrigation methods will effectively reduce unnecessary water usage.

Assessment of Potential Sources of Marine Pollution in China

Yao Chong, MLWS 2021

With the increase in population and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, more and more pollutants are created by human activities. The river acts as the conduit to carry the pollution into the ocean.

China has a large land area, and the sea area is also vast. China’s marine pollution is relatively serious. However, the government and relevant departments have implemented a series of policies and measures to address the concern, which have been quite effective. This paper summarizes the three main marine pollutants-plastics, oil, and heavy metals, an introduction to each pollution type, the current situation in China, the harm of each pollutant, and the existing effective treatment measures.

The emergence of pollution issues should remind people to reduce pollution at the source. It is very important to prevent and monitor pollution in advance.

A Review of Wildfire Effects on Soils, Hydrologic Processes and Water

Jingyi Cheng, MLWS 2021

Wildfire is a natural process that has happened regularly for millions of years and brings both positive and negative impacts to the forest environment. In recent decades, climate change has become a critical element in increasing the risk and extent of wildfires globally. Climate change increases temperature and reduces precipitation, extending the fire season and expanding the burning area. Wildfire affects soil physical properties (e.g. texture, colour, pH, hydrophobicity), chemical properties (e.g. organic matter, macro and micro-nutrients), as well as soil biota (e.g. invertebrates and micro-organisms). Intense wildfires further cause infiltration rate reduction and high surface runoff. Ash and sediments transported with surface runoff contaminate water quality, resulting in damage to the aquatic organisms and drinking water treatment issues. Effects of wildfire on forest soil, hydrologic processes and water are site-specific and complex. The extent of wildfire impacts depends on the intensity and severity of the fire, burning season, pre-fire and post-fire environmental conditions, climate pattern, vegetation types and many other factors. Studies of wildfire effects are diverse, but comprehensive reviews that assemble findings in the three fields are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the wildfire effects on forest soil, the hydrologic processes and water quality based on existing literature.

Evaluating the Potential Reduction of Domestic Outdoor Water Demand Through Rainwater Harvesting in Vancouver

Mario Belmonte, MLWS 2021

Increasing water demands attributed to population growth and climate change highlight the need to adopt practices, such as rainwater harvesting, to reduce water demands. In Vancouver, the irrigation of lawns and gardens from May to September is a major constituent of domestic water demands. The extent to which rainwater harvesting can help reduce domestic water demand in Vancouver has been neglected in research. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainwater harvesting to reduce domestic outdoor water demands under two water use settings.

To achieve the objective of the study, the monthly irrigation demand and the monthly amount of rainwater that can be harvested during the irrigation season for a typical home in Vancouver was calculated. A comparison was made between the monthly irrigation demand and the monthly rainwater harvesting potential to determine the proportion of domestic outdoor water demand that can be offset through rainwater harvesting.

Several variables had to be estimated, assumed and standardized when calculating irrigation demands and the rainwater harvesting potential. The results of the study can help residents and policymakers in Vancouver realize the benefits that rainwater harvesting can provide and, in particular, the extent to which outdoor water demand can be reduced.

Assessing Soil Organic Carbon on BC Farmlands as a Climate Change Mitigation Tool: An Overview

Georgia Stanley, MLWS 2021

In British Columbia, climate change is expected to impact life significantly, disrupting natural environments, economies, and the social fabric of communities (BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, 2019; Natural Resources Canada, 2014), and BC is not on track to meet targets for 2030 or 2050 (BC Auditor General, 2018). Drastic reductions in anthropogenic GHG emissions in the near-term will not be enough to prevent dangerous climate change (IPCC, 2018). A growing body of evidence suggests that agricultural soils could play an essential role in climate change mitigation through their capacity to serve as C sinks.

Assessment of Water Dynamics with Changing Land use in the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C.

Sophia Wang, MLWS 2020

Changing agricultural land use has impacted field water dynamics, as different crops and management practices have different water requirements. Thus, information is required to assess these changes in field water dynamics and develop strategies to manage water resources more efficiently, including assessment of alternative irrigation systems. Water stress in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV): the conflict between growing agricultural water consumption demand and limited water resources. The LFV is one of the most densely populated and intensively farmed areas in BC. The unequal temporal distribution of rainfall makes irrigation demand even higher during the crop growing season. Agricultural development in the LFV relies on water resources, but climate change is likely to cause drier and warmer summers and wetter winters[4]. This tends to increase water stress due to the higher demand for irrigation.

Greening Urban Centers: Assessment of Green Roof Garden Feasibility in Vancouver, British Columbia

Mingming (Queenie) Liu, MLWS 2020

In the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in research on green roof gardens. Green roof gardens take advantage of Vancouver’s high annual precipitation and make better use of the large impermeable areas. Green roofs have been proposed as an effective and promising practice to mitigate the adverse impacts of urbanization and adapt to changing climate while providing numerous environmental, economic, social, and health benefits. This paper reviewed the literature and case studies globally, using a systematic view to analyze the potential impacts of green roof gardens on both the natural environment and human society, especially focusing on how green roof gardens can benefit the environment, economy, society, and human health. The paper also investigated the opportunities and challenges of green roof garden construction. Numerous benefits are potentially beneficial as a feasible solution for the renovation of existing buildings, current promotional incentive policies, and a large proportion of roof areas in Vancouver.

Through an integrated assessment, the feasibility of green roof gardens construction in Vancouver, BC is considered high. However, the main challenges of green roof construction involve roof leakage, structural failure, high construction costs, and maintenance costs. In order to maximize the benefits and performance of green roofs, recommendations about improving green roof garden construction and design are provided. These challenges can be addressed by improved planning, more cost-effective design, new technology, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Assessment of the State of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV)

Ziqi Wang, MLWS 2020

Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are critical nutrients in limiting the growth of plants and organisms. However, high-level atmospheric N and P can cause adverse effects on the receiving water, air, and soil ecosystems, triggering numerous environmental problems. This study focuses on the state of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, and aims to find primary sources of emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus into the atmosphere. In the study area, there is a total of 25960 tonnes of N emitted into the atmosphere. Both agricultural and urban ecosystems contribute to N emissions. The agricultural emission is approximately 8260 tonnes of N, accounting for 71% of total NH3 emission and 10% of total NOx emission, mainly from fertilizer and manure volatilization and rural fuel combustion. In contrast, the emissions of NOx in the LFV is dominated by the urban ecosystem due to municipal solid waste incineration and fuel combustion. As for P emission, even though there is no robust data to quantify the emission sources, the finding suggests that dust emission and food waste incineration are the main drivers. With the increasing awareness of adverse effects associated with excessive atmospheric N and P, the government in British Columbia should pay more attention to this issue and develop relevant policies and management practices, and encourage more programs to focus on nutrients elimination mitigation.

Assessment of Present and Future Water Security of the Kettle River at Grand Forks in Southeastern B.C.

Julian Yeo, MLWS 2020

The simultaneous occurrence of warm spring temperatures and a large snow water equivalent at high elevations in the Kettle River Basin caused a rapid snowmelt event, creating the Kettle River flood at Grand Forks in May 2018. This flood represents an acute isolated event. No long-term trends were observed in the Kettle River’s hydrology and climate data. Yet, cumulative effects from decades-long forest land-use changes have made the basin more vulnerable to floods. Hence, the 2018 flood resulted from the pairing of climate effects and forest land-use changes in the headwaters.

The Kettle River is largely driven by snowmelt, given that the majority of this watershed lies above 1,200 meters. Forest removal and road networks have increased open surface area for snow accumulation. Melted snow is likely to run off these surfaces, given changes in soil infiltration that resulted from conventional and pine infested tree harvesting, combined with wildfires. This melt greatly amplifies the Kettle River’s streamflow. Climate change is impacting the watershed. Melting events will occur earlier in the spring. Wildfires, the mountain pine beetle, and more dramatic infestations of western spruce budworm are likely to continue with climate change–dead stands potentially increasing the severity of fires.

Continued forest removal will cause a greater impermeable surface area for snow accumulation. High summer temperatures will produce more droughts. Grand Forks’ water security for surface water extraction is likely to be precarious in the summertime. Therefore, forest rehabilitation, spring flood protection, and summer water conservation will become crucial for the health of the Kettle River watershed and its communities in the 21st century.

An Assessment of Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination in British Columbia, Canada

Bianca Rocha, MLWS 2020

This study assesses the major potential sources of groundwater contamination in British Columbia (B.C.) and provides recommendations for preventative and remedial measures for groundwater quality protection. The objectives of this project are to: (1) identify and assess the most common potential sources of groundwater contamination in B.C.; (2) recommend preventative and remedial measures for groundwater quality protection; and (3) provide information to stakeholders, including government regulatory agencies; land use planning; water management; environmental health protection; and community development.

Assessment of Regenerative Agriculture and Biostimulation as Forms of Alternative Agriculture:

Potential Benefits to Soil Health and Agricultural Production

Fayokemi OluwayemiI, MLWS 2020

Globally, several management practices in Agriculture, such as the application of pesticides/chemicals, inorganic fertilizers, and monocultural practices have contributed to land/soil degradation. This resulted in a loss of soil fertility and ultimately, poor quality of our food crops/plants. As the population of people increases daily, there is a critical need to improve crop productivity (yields) of nutritious, economical, and culturally appropriate food crops and promote healthier soils in our agroecosystem. Recent studies and discoveries have shown that the basis for agriculture, crop production, and human security in the future is healthy soil. Evidence has shown that “alternative” agricultural practices may provide solutions to curb issues surrounding soil and water degradation (FAO, 2015). These practices are adopted to promote healthier soils and can result in increasing crop productivity, greater economic viability, and increased local food security. Major emphasis is placed on ‘regenerative agriculture’ and ‘biostimulation’ as conservation and alternative approaches/management practices improve soil health and agricultural productivity. This paper presents a review and an assessment of regenerative agriculture and plant biostimulation and their potential benefits to soil health and agricultural production. It will summarize and communicate the benefits of these two innovative alternative practices to agriculturists, government officials, and farmers.

Assessment of the Supply and Demand of Cove Bay Water System on Bowen Island

Timilehin Oguntuyaki, MLWS 2020

Water scarcity has been a popular occurrence on Bowen Island, British Columbia in the past and recent years. The situation is compounded by population growth, climate change, and increased summer water use. The study aimed at assessing the demand and supply of the largest water distribution system on Bowen Island – the Cove Bay Water System, using a water balance approach in Grafton Lake Watershed. From 2015-2019, it appears that more than 50% of the residents of the watershed used over 300L/P/D in the summer when there was limited precipitation. The study revealed that the regression of the summer precipitation versus summer water use is more significant than that of temperature. Therefore, the summer precipitation is a better determinant of summer water use.

The present situation of demand and supply in the watershed seem adequate but there are concerns for future situations, especially when climate change and population growth are considered. Recommendations were provided to optimize supply and consciously to reduce demand. Therefore, this research could be taken further by using the current water supply and demand assessment to estimate the impact of climate and population growth on the water supply up to 2100. It is recommended that climate monitoring at the Bowen Island station should be resumed, as no calibration data was available from the island’s station since 2012 so Vancouver Harbour’s station (the closest match) was used in this project.

Land Suitability Assessment – Climate Ratings for Forage Crops in Delta, BC

Tong Ye, MLWS 2020

Intensive dairy production in the Lower Fraser Valley is dependent on a reliable source of forages, much of which is supplied from Delta. The land used for forages is economically important within the Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia. The project addressed climate change adaptation of Delta’s agricultural sector forage crops by assessing the climate ratings of land suitability, based on the Land Suitability Rating System for the lands within the Agricultural Land Reserve in Delta, B.C. It thereby predicted the effects of future climate change scenarios.

Overall, the climate rating class improved for both legume and grass forages under the climate change scenarios. The limiting factor of climate shifts from heat requirement to moisture requirement through the years. Soil ratings can limit the final land suitability rating under hot dry climate change scenarios. Land suitability assessment and mapping for multiple crops are suggested for future studies for agricultural land use planning purposes.

Surface Water Acidification from Air Pollution: Two Case Studies in China

Rujiao Jin, MLWS 2020

In recent decades, surface water acidification has started to influence China due to increasing acid pollution and acid deposition. The Jialing River and Taihu Lake, located in the three major acid rain zones, were chosen to be the areas for studying surface water acidification. Since acidification results from excessive acid inputs and high acidification sensitivity of the water body, the project focuses on acid gas emissions and the assessment of acidification sensitivity.

There is a great necessity for policymakers and environmental groups to take precautionary measures, referring to successful experiences from Europe. First and foremost, they are supposed to limit the emissions of SO2 and NOx from power plants and vehicles. In addition, a detailed acidification sensitivity map based on soil conditions, bedrock types, and land use types are helpful tools for identifying the likelihood of acidification. Moreover, strengthening monitoring by increasing monitoring sites and recording the quality and pH from wet and dry deposition could also help observe the acidification trend timely. It is believed that acidification would be effectively prevented if adequate mitigation measures are taken.

Western Honeybee and Honey as Biomonitor for Urban Metal Contamination

with Case Study in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Yihui (Phyllis) Fang, MLWS 2020

Due to the global trend of urbanization, environmental contamination has become a critical issue globally. Metal contamination of the soil-water system mainly results in disturbances in environmental health and biotic functions. Insect biomonitoring has become a valuable environmental assessment tool that quantifies the impacts of soil and water contamination. Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is an ideal species commonly used in urban metal biomonitoring. Honey, the natural product, also serves as a food source for human consumption. High accessibility, global distribution, species diversity, and intense interactions with the environment are factors that contribute to the effectiveness of western honeybee and honey as the urban metal biomonitor.

Metro Vancouver is selected as a case study of the urban system that encompasses a wide range of habitats. Enrichment factor (EF) and Honeybee Contamination Index (HCI) are two biomonitoring indicators used for metal contamination assessment. The results show that most study sites of Metro Vancouver are characterized by relatively insignificant anthropogenic metal deposition and high metal contamination.

Selection of Low Impact Development Infrastructure Based on Precipitation Regimes and Land Uses in Mosquito Creek Watershed

Guowei Li, MLWS 2020

This case study investigated the frequencies of the 24h precipitation over 40mm events from 2001 to 2020 and presented spatial analyses of land use and imperviousness in 2011 in Mosquito Creek watershed, North Vancouver, based on accessible data. The Water Balance Model (WBM) was then applied to model the surface runoff discharge rates and direct runoff depths for 2011 surface conditions and 2041 projections without LID practices, as well as performances of selected LID practices (absorbent landscapes, rain gardens, and pervious paving). The modeling results are intended to compare the changes in runoff discharge rates and depths caused by altered surface conditions and the adoption of urban storm runoff mitigation practices.

Understanding and Evaluating Methods for Assessing Soil Compaction in Agri-Food Systems

Amy Sigsworth, MLWS 2020

Soil plays a significant role within the hydrological cycle by providing a medium for infiltrating water to be stored in the rooting depth and a conduit for groundwater recharge. Effective infiltration and percolation are imperative in agricultural systems to reduce water erosion and maintain soil quality, enhance water use efficiency by storing water in the rooting zone, foster groundwater recharge which may further service domestic and agricultural water users in the region, and to reduce the effects of heavy rainfall events such as flooding. Infiltration is directly influenced by soil compaction which is a concern in agri-food systems. In order to maintain hydrological functions at the farm scale, as well enhance productivity, land managers commonly assess soil compaction in production fields. However, current tools, such as the Soil Compaction Tester (SCT), are not efficient in assessing spatial variability at the farm scale. This project evaluated ground-penetrating radar (GPR) as a method of assessing soil compaction in both cultivated and non-cultivated fields. The GPR results were compared to results from the SCT and soil analysis from core samples. The results demonstrated the potential for GPR as an efficient technique in assessing compaction at the field scale in certain circumstances and soil textures. Further research is recommended in larger scale and more established production systems to test the method’s efficiency in assessing soil compaction and spatial variability.

Water Demand for Vertical Farming – Advantages and Challenges

Danyang Han, MLWS 2020

The concept of vertical farming has been introduced to improve food safety and production, as well as using less water, land, and other natural resources. This project aims to explore the differences between water demand per unit of production of vertical farming and traditional farming, especially for lettuce. Besides, the various sources of water supply for vertical farming will be listed to see the costs for irrigation in these ways. The approach for the study is based on the BC water calculator and data analysis of local vertical farming lettuce production. Based on conclusions from the research above, advantages, limitations, and challenges of vertical farming can be shown through comparisons with traditional farming.

Assessment of GHGs from Animal Agriculture with a Focus on Manure Application and Dairy Operations

Caroline Ding, MLWS 2020

It is widely acknowledged that greenhouse gas is the major contributor to global warming. The linkage between the burning of fossil fuels and global warming might be the first to come to mind when talking about global warming. Globally, carbon dioxide emission from the burning of fossil fuels is indeed the top source of greenhouse gas emissions, other types of greenhouse gas emissions are also noteworthy because gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, have much greater warming potential than carbon dioxide.

This study is primarily a summary of the globe’s, Canada’s and British Columbia’s greenhouse gas emissions with a focus on animal agriculture. To have a better understanding of the greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture, a case study of a dairy farm was conducted, focusing on manure management of the farm.

Exploring the Relationship Between Chlorophyll-A and Other Water Quality Parameters by Using Artificial Neural Network Models: A Case Study of Lake Erie

Xue (Ashley) Hu, MLWS 2020

This study used a machine learning approach to model the water qualities of Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. The data used in the modelling was obtained from the Environment and Climate Change Canada Agency for Lake Erie between 2000 and 2018 and included chlorophyll-a (CHLA), the dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), temperature (T), pH, and depth. Several neural network (NN) models were selected for the data analysis, including the standard Neural Network (NN) model, the Simple Recurrent Neural Network (SRN) model, the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) model and the Jump Connection Neural Network (JCNN) model. CHLA was selected as the key water quality indicators for eutrophication in Lake Erie. The above artificial neural network models were assembled. This study showed that the ANN ensemble model predicted the water quality of Lake Erie in a more timely and accurate manner, which aids in facilitating conventional water quality monitoring and reducing the risk of eutrophication in Lake Erie.

Molybdenosis and Land Reclamation Strategies for Prevention

Allison McCabe, MLWS 2020

Molybdenosis is a molybdenum-induced copper deficiency that can occur in ruminants when the copper to molybdenum ratio in forage is less than 2:1, typically due to trace element imbalances in the underlying soil. Ruminants refer to the group of grazing herbivores with multi-chambered stomachs who chew the cud, such as cattle, moose, or deer.

Regions with high molybdenum content in soils include reclaimed mine tailings sites and waste rock piles where residual molybdenum exists as a by-product of extraction and processing activities. While incidences of molybdenosis have been recorded internationally, this report focuses on molybdenosis associated with copper-molybdenum mines located in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

Despite an identified risk of molybdenosis in these areas, a framework for the reclamation of molybdenum-contaminated sites does not exist. To address this gap, I have conducted a literature review on molybdenosis and ruminants and land reclamation strategies for molybdenum for the prevention of molybdenosis in affected sites, which include soil amendment and phytoremediation interventions. The literature review serves in the construction of a land reclamation framework designed for use by professionals and landowners in the remediation of molybdenum contaminated land.

An Evaluation of Potential Policy Tools and Frameworks For Urban Tree Canopy Cover Management in North Vancouver

Jacquie Kwok, MLWS 2020

Urban trees offer a host of benefits both to the environment and to society by having a directly influential impact on physical, biological, and social conditions. Therefore, their appropriate management is critical towards the wellbeing and resiliency of current and future communities in the face of densification and climate change. A geospatial measurement of canopy cover area was conducted on aerial imagery of single-family detached residential lots between 1992 and 2018 within the City and District of North Vancouver to determine the impact that residential subdivisions have had on canopy cover area over time. Across the 20 individually assessed lots that had been subdivided between 1992 and 2018, an overall average decrease of 76% in canopy cover area was found to have occurred by 2018. These findings have far-reaching implications on the health of the surrounding ecology, as well as on community well-being. They also provide grounds to support the notion that a fundamental shift in attitude towards urban trees and their roles in society is required.

A review of policies and frameworks concerning urban tree management and removal was also conducted to determine whether certain frameworks were more effective than others at protecting and encouraging urban canopy growth. Although this project is set within contexts of the City and District of North Vancouver, the evidence used to provide a recommendations framework that supports the maintenance and development of urban canopy cover was synthesized from a variety of local cities and municipalities experiencing similar challenges.

Green Infrastructure Innovations: Developing a Sustainable Community in Pemberton, B.C.

Skylar Kylstra, MLWS 2020

Looking ahead, housing will continue to play a significant role in BC’s economic and social development. Pressures on the housing supply resulting from population growth, urbanization, and the need to foster continued economic growth in the province will likely only escalate. In addition, Canadians face a growing number of environmental, public health, and social concerns, including the maintenance of water and air quality, biodiversity loss, and food insecurity. Green infrastructure (GI) offers an approach to development that can produce lower cost and more resilient systems. Furthermore, recognizing the role of green infrastructure in housing has a critical role to play in meeting the challenge of climate change adaptation, as well as other environmental and social issues.

This paper gives a comprehensive overview of green infrastructures as the “next generation” of development, using a “three-pillars of sustainability” approach to evaluate environmental, social, and economic benefits and considerations. Lastly, this paper overviews the planned Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Solutions Lab process to create a framework for GI delivery which will be piloted at the case study: ‘The Shire of Pemberton’, a proposed development in Pemberton, BC.

Investigation of Heavy Metals in a Green Space Corridor: Sources, Health Concerns and Mitigation Strategies

Brianna Thompson, MLWS 2019

As urbanization increases, so does the demand for multi-functionality of limited green spaces. However, as urbanization intensifies, so does contamination associated with urban development into these green spaces. One related concern is heavy metal exposure for humans in green spaces associated with community gardens, urban agriculture and children’s play spaces. This becomes an issue when heavy metals enter the soil, are taken up by vegetable plants and are then consumed by humans or when children play in soils with heavy metals and are exposed through dermal contact or inhalation of dust.

This white paper first reviews the literature concerning both sources of heavy metal contaminants in urban agriculture and green spaces and current remediation/prevention methods available. Secondly, it uses a section of the Arbutus Corridor in Vancouver as a case study to assess contamination of heavy metals in community gardens, the surrounding native soil and whether a number of physical barriers adjacent to a traffic corridor prevent or limit the contamination of heavy metals into the community garden’s soils and vegetation.

Advanced Wastewater Treatment and a Holistic Approach Recommended to Mitigate the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment

A Case Study: Alberta, Canada

Jenna Szuch, MLWS 2019

This paper evaluates evidence regarding the adverse effects EDCs and PPCPs have on aquatic life and people, and highlights the potential risk that exists for humans from exposure to EDCs in the aquatic environment. EDCs are introduced into the environment through a variety of urban, rural and industrial sources. Treated wastewater is a major source of EDCs and PPCPs entering the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants were designed to control a variety of substances, such as nutrients and pathogens, which are (typically) successfully removed. However, this is not the case for a wide range of emerging contaminants, such as EDCs and PPCPs that are present in low concentrations and possess unique characteristics.

The presence of EDCs and PPCPs in the environment is a complex land and water issue, which requires a holistic approach. It is important to recognize that depending on how the issue of EDCs is framed, different conclusions can be reached. It is essential to include the frameworks from a variety of disciplines. This can help eliminate a disciplinary bias, while recognizing the interconnectedness of land and water.

Wasted Food in Canada and Its Impact on Water Resources

– Small Fruits in Creston, BC: A Case Study

Sodiya Oluwaseun, MLWS 2019

Globally, there is a growing consensus that we need to act to address food loss and waste. Food waste refers to food intended for consumption that is discarded without being eaten or reaching the market. In Canada, this amount is closer to 40% according to Value Chain Management International (2014). Food loss and waste have many negative economic and environmental impacts. Environmentally, food waste inflicts a host of impacts, including emission of greenhouse gases and inefficient use of water and land, which in turn can lead to diminished natural ecosystems services.

In B.C, approximately 2.3 million tonnes of food waste was disposed of in 2016 (VCM Inc) and Creston Valley being one of the prime agricultural production regions in B.C contributes to this figure. It is suggested that the Creston Valley will continue to be the hub of agriculture in the region of B.C. Fruits and vegetables are one of the largest sources of waste by weight. Much of the wasted weight in fruits and vegetables is water.

Sustainable Agriculture – The Contribution of Biostimulation

Likhita Kiran Miriyapalli, MLWS 2019

To meet the growing demand for food production, due to the rapidly increasing population, there is a need for sustainable agricultural systems that are economically viable, environmentally safe and socially fair. Social concerns of conventional farming combined with the growing demand for sustainable agriculture and food safety have led to the emergence of alternative agricultural systems. Those emerging innovations and agricultural practices play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable food production systems. One of such innovations is plant biostimulation, which may make existing practices more efficient and sustainable. “Plant biostimulants contain substance(s) and micro-organisms whose function, when applied to plants or the rhizosphere, is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality.” This paper presents an overview of plant biostimulation, its contribution to sustainable agriculture. Benefits and challenges of biostimulation are outlined, including uses, application in agricultural systems, public perception, global and market analysis.

Incorporating Indigenous and Local Stakeholder Knowledge into Resource Decision-Making in British Columbia

Vanesa Mena, MLWS 2019

Global concerns of the failure of modern natural resource management practices to solve environmental complex issues has led to the emergence of the incorporation of alternative ways of knowing and the co-production of knowledge as a viable solution. In recent years, however, multiple reports have uncovered several constraints in the integration of Traditional Knowledge into the environmental decision-making arena. The report compiles qualitative research methodologies, such as literature review (including current consultation process and polices), observation and informal interviews conducted to develop and to acquire a better understanding of the local natural resource and environmental context and challenges associated to the incorporation of Traditional Knowledge into Environmental Assessment in British Columbia, Canada. In the final section, transdisciplinary approach is presented as tool to address some of the challenges of integration of Traditional Knowledge and Stakeholder Knowledge into resource decision-making.

Environment Impact Assessment of Hydraulic Fracturing in North Eastern British Columbia

Samuel Bolarinwa Makinde, MLWS 2019

This project was targeted to address the public and the provincial government of British Columbia on the issue of fracking. Thus, the specific objectives of this project work were: (i) to assess impacts of fracking on water resources; and (ii) to conduct meta-analysis of impacts of fracking on induced seismicity in North Eastern British Columbia.

Based on personal communication with researchers currently working on fracking and preliminary studies from literatures, it can be concluded that (i) if boreholes are done properly with due to diligence and mechanical integrity, there will be no or very limited groundwater contamination; (ii) if the sites are properly managed, there is little or no chance of environmental pollution (including air and water resources) by shale gas; (iii) fracking induces seismicity and if fracking continues, the magnitude and effects of earthquake will increase; and (iv) lastly, ongoing research in Northeastern British Columbia shows the concern of well leakage due to gas migration, which may lead to air pollution and groundwater contamination by methane gas.

Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Arbutus Greenway, Vancouver

Bixin Lin, MLWS 2019

From 1902 to 2001, Vancouver’s Arbutus Greenway served as a railway for regional freight and interurban passenger transport service. In March 2016, the City of Vancouver purchased the Arbutus Corridor from the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) built this corridor into a greenway.

The overall aim of this study was to provide an evaluation of potential heavy metal contamination along a recently de-commissioned railroad track in Vancouver and a particular section that has a history of small scale raised bed community gardens. This study focuses on Vancouver transportation corridor, the Arbutus Greenway, as a case study. Five random sites were selected in Zone 1 of the Arbutus Greenway. The pH, ash content and heavy metal concentration of the soil were determined. The metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were selected as important in relation to human exposure.

Impacts of Wildfires on Environmental and Human Health in British Columbia

Xinyao Li, MLWS 2019

Over the years, wildfires have been of higher intensity and of longer duration throughout the world. This is caused by either human activities or natural factors. In British Columbia, climate change is believed to be responsible for this increasing phenomenon. Forest fires can have long term impacts on the environment, including physical, chemical and biological impacts. These environmental impacts pose threats to aquatic species and human health. In response to wildfires that are increasing due to climate change, wildfire prevention strategies, such as reducing the fuel volume, are recommended to apply in forest management practices. In addition, post fire measures aimed to mitigate the effects of wildfires, such as the upgrading of water supply treatment plants, is believed to be important, as it has been shown that wildfires cause the formation of toxic substances to both human and salmonid species.

A Study of Water Balance in Gabriola Island, BC, Canada

Ke Hu, MLWS 2019

Gabriola Island, the most northerly of the Southern Gulf Islands, suffers from the lack of surface freshwater during summertime. Because the majority of water consumed on Gabriola Island is extracted from the groundwater system, only a small portion of consumed water is harvested rainwater. On Gabriola Island, groundwater in the fractured rock aquifers is recharged from rainwater. Over-pumping from fragile groundwater resources to meet increasing water needs leads to saltwater intrusion into the potable water supply sources, caused by the rapid increase of population during summertime.

The purpose of this project is to provide an assessment the water balance of Gabriola Island, as it is being affected by land-use changes, increase seasonal tourist populations and increased climatic variability. The aim of the paper is to conduct a risk assessment of saltwater intrusion resulting from future climate change scenarios.

Groundwater Predictive Model on the Effect of Land Use Impacts on the Hopington Aquifer in Langley, BC

Juncheng Hu, MLWS 2019

The Hopington AB Aquifer is one of the most vulnerable unconfined aquifers in the lower mainland. It is reported that the Hopington AB aquifer water level is decreasing year by year. The predictive model indicates that these declines are due to excessive extraction, climate change and expected population growth will only accelerate the drop in water tables. In order to address the groundwater quantity issue, a groundwater management plan is needed to regulate and protect the unconfined aquifer.

The overall goal of the project is to determine the water balance of the Hopington Aquifer and its possible impact on streamflow in the Salmon River. The aim is to develop a predictive model to determine the effect of land use activities and water use on the Hopington Aquifer, to show if the aquifer is used in a sustainable manner and to evaluate if changes affect the stream water flow in the Salmon River.

A Review of the Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection in BC’s Mining Industry:

Lessons Learned from the Mount Polley Incident

Andrew Chan, MLWS 2019

In 2014, the Mount Polley mine tailings storage facility breached, spilling approximately 25 million cubic metres of water and mine tailings into the surrounding environment and nearby water bodies. Following the incident, an independent review panel and the Chief Inspector of Mines conducted investigations to determine the cause(s) of the failure and to make recommendations. The Auditor General of British Columbia also reviewed the incident during an audit of compliance and enforcement activities in the mining industry. This study was undertaken to determine areas of overlap in the recommendations across the three reports in order to identify regulatory gaps. This study conducted a review of key pieces of legislation guiding the mining industry in BC, two regulatory bodies and the three reports. The following four areas of overlap in the recommendations were identified: professional reliance, geotechnical oversight, life-of-mine planning for permitting and investigation, compliance and enforcement review. These findings suggested that additional controls should be implemented in these areas of overlap in order to prevent another tailings storage facility incident from occurring.

GIS Assessment of Groundwater Recharge Potential in Whatcom County, Washington State:

Implications for Land Use

Olatunbosun Ayetan, MLWS 2019

Ecosystem services such as groundwater recharge play an important role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study was carried out to identify and map zones in the North Lynden Watershed Improvement District (NLWID) that have productive groundwater recharge potential using Geographical Information System (GIS). The NLWID is part of the Fishtrap Creek Watershed, which is faced with land use changes, loss of resource land and farmlands that have the potential to reduce natural recharge of the Sumas-Abbotsford Aquifer. A penetrometer field test was carried out to investigate soil compaction and the relationship between land cover and groundwater recharge potential. The penetrometer field test qualitatively revealed that land cover and the required management practices in addition to the soil types can affect groundwater recharge potential. The results of the study can be used to formulate an efficient groundwater recharge management plan for sustainable utilization of limited groundwater resources.

A Synthesis of Restoration Practices for Degraded Croplands in Dryland Regions

Asif Saleem, MLWS 2019

Restoration of degraded croplands are needed to ensure the sustainability of rain fed agriculture, and, thus food security, to meet the growing demands for food, fibre and shelter. Unsustainable agricultural techniques, land and water use, and climate change impacts are the main drivers for the degradation of drylands, which has resulted in the decline of ecosystem services, food insecurity, social and political instability. It has reduced ecosystem resilience to climate variability. The typical rehabilitation measures for restoration of degraded agricultural land are achieved through using agronomic and biological techniques, such as crop rotation, agroforestry, cover crops, vegetative filter strips, residue, and zero or reduced tillage.

This study evaluates and provides recommendations for significant gains and successes that have been made by governments, local communities, non-governmental organizations, the scientific and research community, as well as other stakeholders. This project identifies the challenges in the restoration of drylands and suggests recommendations for dryland restoration.

Microplastics: The Hidden Hazard

Xin Dong, MLWS 2018

This white paper provides a holistic overview of the microplastics problem, including the various components and sources of microplastics, their distribution and abundance, and the impacts of microplastics on the environment and human life. The goal of this paper is to make the public aware of the hidden hazard of microplastics, and thus take appropriate actions to mitigate the hazard. There are several removal solutions for microplastic contamination, including source control, recycling and advanced removal techniques for wastewater treatment, such as membrane bioreactors. The main solution for mitigation rests with public awareness and government legislation. To date, the research on microplastics has been concentrated on aquatic environment and organisms. The study of the impact of microplastics on human health is still in its infancy, and further long-term research of human effects is needed.

A Theoretical Stemflow Model for Urban Trees with an Evaluation of Current Street Tree Pit Design and Practices

Anne Day, MLWS 2018

Cities across the world are dealing with storm water runoff and its management, as urbanization leads to urban densification. The use of urban forestry has become widely accepted as a more resilient means to address storm water management problems in the face of densification and climate change. The project’s development of a theoretical stemflow model works to predict the volume of stemflow on an event basis for several common tree species that are used in the Metro Vancouver area as street trees. The model is based on a linear relationship between stemflow volume (L) and precipitation depth (mm) in relation to tree diameter at breast height (DBH) (cm). The model performed well and was able to reasonably predict stemflow volumes based on inputs of DBH and precipitation. Based on two modeling approaches, it was found that modeling stemflow based on grouping all trees together is more accurate in comparison to modeling stemflow based on grouping the trees by genus.

Urban Land Subsidence:

A Case Study in Richmond, British Columbia

Tishtaar Titina, MLWS 2018

Groundwater extraction can cause soil to consolidate and land to subside. Land subsidence increases relative sea-level rise and exacerbates inundation hazards for coastal cities. The City of Richmond is a low lying floodplain, on average 1 m above mean sea level, with increasing development due to urbanization. This makes it imperative that Richmond maintains its high water table to prevent subsidence. Furthermore, Richmond’s high water table necessitates dewatering at excavation sites in order to proceed with construction processes. Examining the impacts of dewatering based subsidence in Richmond, on a neighbourhood scale, highlights why groundwater levels should be maintained on a city-wide scale. Richmond can evaluate management practices utilized globally that contribute to the maintenance of the groundwater table to further mitigate subsidence and to combat potential effects of climate change.

Vertical Farming Feasibility: The Opportunities and Challenges of Adapting Vertical Agriculture

Jie Sheng, MLWS 2018

As the human population continues to increase and land becomes more valuable, a day will come when people cannot completely rely on the produce from conventional farms. This study focuses on the technologies and challenges of adapting vertical farming as a new solution to feed the world’s population and potentially change our food system. The goal of this study is to analyze the theory and the potential of vertical farming in addressing the issues that exist in today’s food system. This study also conducts a comparison between the greenhouse system and vertical farming to determine the differences and the potential benefits behind vertical farming. Finally, to evaluate the feasibility of vertical farming, this study gives an opinion about the challenges to be overcome in this field and defines if vertical farming is a viable option to supply food to cities in an energy efficient and sustainable way.

A Case Study of Constructed Wetlands Application to Restore Habitats and Treat Wastewater

Li Wang, MLWS 2018

Constructed Wetlands (CWs) have been seen as a practical and cost-effective solution to solve both wastewater issues and habitat loss issues. The use of constructed wetlands in Canada is, however, less common than in other countries. The main objective of this project is to investigate the current development of constructed wetlands and the current application of Constructed Wetlands in Canada. The elements of CWs, different types of CWs, as well as the advantages and limitations of CWs were reviewed in this report. In order to assess the current application of CWs in the west coastal area of Canada, a case study in the Greater Vancouver region was selected. It is expected that CWs provide multiple benefits to both wildlife and local communities. Further studies are required to understand the viability and long term performance of CWs in Canada.

Using SWAT to Simulate the Effects of Forest Fires on Water Yield in Forested Watershed:

A Case Study of Bonaparte Watershed, Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada

Abia Katimbo, MLWS 2018

Climate change has impacted the forested watersheds of British Columbia by bringing extremely high temperatures and beetle infestations, thus coinciding with increasing amounts of forest fires. On average, it is estimated that about 10,000 fires occur every year in Canada, burning about 2 million ha of the 400 million ha forested landscape. One of the areas that was most affected by the forest fires in 2017 was the Cariboo Regional District in the central interior of British Columbia. Wildfire burns away the ground cover of the landscape, exposing soils to erosion under heavy storms. The major objective of this study was to simulate the changes in water yield in the forested watershed during pre- and post-wildfire periods, using Bonaparte watershed as the study area. The SWAT model was used for water yield simulations, in order to evaluate the hydrological response of the watersheds to forest fires.

Comparative Transboundary Nitrogen Budget of the Abbotsford–Sumas Aquifer

Kamal Kakish, MLWS 2018

Transboundary groundwater issues are of significant importance. The depletion of aquifers is adding pressure to growing water scarcity in many parts of the world; and groundwater quality is being reduced as a consequence of several sources of anthropogenic pollution, which eventually restricts its uses in certain applications.

Future sustainable management of shared resources requires a shift toward holistic cooperation, while strengthening the scientific knowledge available, to effectively inform policy actions. This is particularly important within the Abbotsford – Sumas Aquifer, a Transboundary Aquifer (TBA) system shared by British Columbia and Washington State, USA.

In this paper, a comparative nitrogen budget analysis is conducted on the Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer and includes all major agricultural nitrogen flows. The study compares nitrogen surplus amounts on both sides of the border. This provides an indicator of excess nitrogen that could be leaked into the environment and eventually contribute to the contamination of the aquifer. Furthermore, conceptualizing nitrogen flows at the regional scale within the extent of the aquifer could promote a more effectual design of intervention measures and conjunctive policy creation for the sustainable management of the transboundary Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer.

Evaluation and Remediation of Potential Environmental Contaminants in Alberta Oil and Gas Well Sites

Jierui, MLWS 2018

When the first oil well was drilled in Alberta in 1914, it shaped Alberta’s future in the global economy. As it developed into the world’s third-largest oil reservoir and with booming oil and gas industries, Alberta became the heart of Canadian Energy. It is estimated that there are around 450,000 oil and gas wells that have been drilled throughout the province since 1963. However, developments at well sites have resulted in the high potential of local soil and water contamination from hazardous materials. These contaminants include soil sterilant herbicides, heavy metals, salts, petroleum hydrocarbons, and drilling fluids that are generated from oil and gas development and drilling activities. These contaminants present in soils and groundwater are potential health threats to human and environmental health. Several soil and groundwater remediation technologies were evaluated in this study for their potential to degrade or stabilize contaminants in Alberta's oilsands region. These include physical remediation technologies, such as soil vapour extraction, dual phase extraction, and electro-kinetic technologies; chemical remediation technologies, like in situ chemical oxidation, and soil washing; as well as bioremediation and phytoremediation.

As a result, a holistic approach to drinking water management has been recommended for both community groups. The use of watershed-level management by way of the multi-barrier approach and/or integrated watershed management more effectively protects water at its source and better ensures the quality of the water at the tap. Additionally, these holistic methods generate more collaboration and require that adequate data be gathered, both of which are needed in addressing drinking water concerns. Despite watershed level management of drinking water sources being a viable solution, the communities have little control over local governance, especially within their traditional territory, which hinders the more holistic approaches.

Exploratory Assessment of Drinking Water Management in the Southern Interior of British Columbia:

A First Nation Story

Destiny Allen-Green, MLWS 2018

By way of a reconnaissance, this report presents an evaluation of some of the challenges pertaining to drinking water access and availability in the Lytton First Nation and Esh kn-am.

The Lytton First Nation had recently installed a new water treatment system. The communities represented by Esh-kn-am had challenges with water shortages and some sporadic Boil Water Advisories (BWAs). The current water management does not provide long-term solutions, and as such, potable water will always need to be treated if further actions are not taken.

Phosphorus Dynamics for Efficient Nutrient Management in Organic Agriculture

Cagla Buzluk, MLWS 2018

There exists a wide range of observable inefficiencies in phosphorus (P) management in current organic agriculture. This paper’s objective is to increase the understanding of P dynamics in order to increase the P efficiency in organic agriculture. As a result of the nutrient imbalances in organically accepted nutrient sources and the high reactiveness of P, the management of P is challenging. One of the major contributors to the P inefficiencies in organic agriculture is the strong focus on meeting plant nitrogen (N) needs. Considering the growing global trend towards organic agriculture, decreasing P inefficiencies is important for both increasing the future sustainability of farms for the efficient use of P sources and decreasing the environmental impacts of organic farms on concerns such as eutrophication.

Food Security Concerns and Challenges of First Nations Communities in the Interior of BC

Brittany Myhal, MLWS 2018

The vulnerability of rural communities is a global issue that has been persisting for decades. As development pressures increase and climate change intensifies, these communities are forced to shift their reliance on local resources to imported goods. Due to the low population density of rural areas relative to urban centres, they hold less political power and their needs are often not prioritized by government. As a result, even communities in a resource abundant province such as British Columbia are experiencing food and water security issues. Rural First Nation communities have been particularly vulnerable as they have a history of being marginalized which has impacted their livelihood and decreased their ability to remain resilient to change.

This is a preliminary report intended to explore the main challenges and concerns regarding food security in rural communities in BC from a First Nations perspective. Two communities in BC’s interior were selected and visited. The first was Lytton First Nations and the second organization was Esh-Kn-Am Cultural Resources Management Services, which represents three different First Nations bands. There was greater focus placed on Esh-Kn-Am as they expressed more concern than the Lytton community in regard to their local food security.

Cooks Ferry Indian Band: Land Capability Assessment

Luc Anderson, MLWS 2017

Cooks Ferry Indian Band at Spences Bridge, like many rural communities, is experiencing major challenges in maintaining a viable socio-economic future due to urbanization and population dynamics. Dependence on a limited range of economic bases such as agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing and recreation ties opportunities for employment to the success of these industries. The migration of skilled people and notably younger generations, to urban centers has resulted in a decline of human resources. There has been little attention given to developing a community-based resources inventory to guide communities as they seek to incorporate emergent and innovative opportunities. The utilization of a computer-based land capability classification framework is a first step in providing an ecological base for resources planning and development.

Constructed Wetlands: A Potential Alternative Technology for the Treatment of Wastewaters From Institutions in Rwanda

Charles Mungwakuzwe, MLWS 2017

In Rwanda, it is nearly impossible to collect domestic wastewater with centralized systems, due to the lack of financial investments and the sanitation chains. However, on-site systems such as constructed wetlands may be feasible for wastewater treatment in schools and other similar sized institutions. Constructed wetlands are an alternative technology to conventional wastewater treatment to explore due to their operational simplicity and requirements. This project provides technical information and review of two constructed wetland designs (surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands) and proposes a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for Indatwa n’Inkesha school. The treated effluent will meet the regulatory targets of Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority for domestic wastewater discharge and could be reused in agriculture. It is expected that the adoption of constructed wetland technologies in Rwanda will depend on the land availability, sanitation chains and safety factors. Further studies are required to understand the viability of this technology, and to provide monitoring data about their long-term performance.

Preliminary Assessment of Flooding Hazards in the Nooksack River Watershed, Washington State, and its Effect on Water Quality and the Local Shellfish Industry

John Prizzi, MLWS 2017

Flooding in the Nooksack River in northwestern Washington State has been the product of heavy rains occurring between the months of October and March (Nooksack Indian Tribe, 2016). Increasing winter temperatures will decrease the amount of snowfall experienced along the Nooksack River floodplain and Whatcom County and replace it with rainfall. Heavy rainfall and overland flow along the floodplain has the potential to move sediment, organics, and contaminants from the floodplain to the Nooksack River (NOAA, 2015).

To investigate influences on fecal coliforms concentrations in the Nooksack River, the relationship between flood events and fecal coliforms concentrations was analyzed. Conclusions drawn from this relationship then analyzed how increasing temperatures and precipitation would affect the frequency of floods over the next 50 years, and the potential response of the fecal coliform concentrations in Portage Bay. It is expected that flood frequency will increase over the next 50 years. As a result, fecal coliform concentrations in the Nooksack River and Portage Bay will increase.

An Evaluation of the Institutional Framework for the Organic Waste to Compost Process in Metro Vancouver

Meg McIllfaterick, MLWS 2017

Within the regional district of Metro Vancouver, organic waste has been banned from disposal in landfills as of 2014 (Metro Vancouver, 2017). Organic waste is source separated by residents and business owners, collected by haulers, processed by composting facilities and utilized by a variety of users in the region. Metro Vancouver relies on the efficient and sustainable operation of this framework as a regional waste management strategy for the organic waste stream of municipal solid waste.

There have been several points identified within the framework where the steps are occurring inefficiently. To address the issues identified within the framework, specific strategies have been developed for the utilization of the following stakeholders: Metro Vancouver’s Solid Waste Services, member municipalities, composting facilities, haulers and Metro Vancouver residents and businesses. By addressing institutional inefficiencies, the stakeholders can improve the regional organic waste to compost system in Metro Vancouver resulting in a more efficient, productive and profitable system for all stakeholders.

Integration of Agriculture and Wildlife Ecosystem Services:

A Case Study of Westham Island, British Columbia, Canada

Yuan (Ellen) Zhang, MLWS 2016

There is concern regarding the loss of ecosystem goods and services as a result of land use changes, such as the expansion and intensification of agricultural activities. Assessments of these interactions require innovative analyses that combine qualitative and quantitative economic analyses. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework was applied to a peri-urban region in British Columbia to assess the effects of the integration of agricultural programs and the maintenance of waterfowl habitat located on the Pacific Flyway.

The Delta Farmland & Wildlife Trust, a non-governmental organization, has implemented several activities to enhance eco-system goods and services by cooperative programs among the agricultural community and wildlife interests. The successful collaborative framework has resulted in enhanced soil quality, increased biodiversity, and the maintenance of valuable agriculture and waterfowl habitat.

View the article in Agricultural Sciences Journal

Assessment of the opportunities and challenges of organic cranberry production in BC

Adarshana Thapa, MLWS 2016

Cranberries are known to have beneficial health effects but there is a limited supply to meet local markets. As the demand for organic foods expands, interest in exploring organic cranberry production in British Columbia rises. Commercial cranberry production in British Columbia is well documented, but there is little information about the feasibility of growing organic cranberries.

This study focused on the economic feasibility and challenges of growing organic cranberries in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, the major producing region for cranberries in the province. The feasibility evaluation was based on three scenarios: a) growing cranberries on a field that has not been cultivated before; b) transitioning a field from conventional to organic cranberries; c) transitioning from an organic crop to organic cranberries. This study integrated information from industry experts, local organic cranberry growers, researchers and academics. A financial analysis was conducted to provide an assessment of the economic feasibility of initiating organic cranberry production. A financial model, based on a 15-year time frame, was developed to be used by growers. The model projected that an economic break-even time of 7-14 years could be achieved.

Full report available upon request.

Analysis of Impervious Surface Area, and the Impacts on Soil-Based Agriculture and the Hydrological Cycle:

A Case Study in the Agricultural Land Reserve in Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ashley Rose, MLWS 2016

The Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) was originally established with the goal of protecting prime agricultural soils from being lost to urbanization and other development in the province of British Columbia. However, there are a wide array of activities that are permitted in the ALR such as the construction of greenhouses, crop and dairy barns, estate-sized homes, roads, and commercial facilities that permanently seal the soil with impervious surfaces and take the soil out of production.

The objective of this study was to estimate the extent of impervious surface area in the Metro Vancouver ALR in order to analyze the impacts on the hydrologic cycle and to quantify the amount of arable agricultural land that is taken out of production, based on the Soil Capability for Agriculture classification. The information in this report is useful in developing watershed protection strategies and assisting policy makers in making land use decisions to protect the long term integrity of the ALR and soil-based agriculture.

View the article in the Agricultural Sciences Journal

Floodplain Mapping of the Chilliwack River, BC

– Vedder Crossing to Slesse Creek

Yihang (Eric) Shi, MLWS 2016

Floodplain mapping is critical for the Federal and BC governments to develop policies and strategies to prepare for potential flooding events. BC communities that lack up-to-date floodplain maps risk billions of dollars in property damage and their citizens’ lives. This study focused on the community of Chilliwack, BC and the Chilliwack River, which has historically been subject to recurrent and severe flooding.

Temperature and precipitation extremes have grown in recent years, leading to an increase in flood risks in the watershed. The floodplain map is nearly 30 years old. Water levels typically rise during the spring and summer due to snowmelt. However, historic larger floods have occurred in the fall and winter, brought on by heavy rainfall or rain-on-snow events.

Current climate data expects that the modelled flood risk areas have changed since the last mapping period. This project aimed to update the map of this region by using hydraulic analysis (HEC-RAS) and GIS applications (HEC-GeoRAS, ArcMap). This project provides useful information for landowners, governments and local communities for the development of flood hazard strategies.

A Conceptual Framework for a Community-Based Approach to Addressing Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Ghana

Alfred Baafi Acheampong, MLWS 2016

Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in Ghana is becoming a major concern, in spite of its positive economic impacts, particularly in alleviating rural poverty. ASM contributes to the pollution of land and water resources in Ghana, and thus to the health of the ecosystems and the local people. These environmental challenges and ASM-related social issues have resulted in several government interventions. These “top-down” approaches and policy implementations have proven unsustainable.

The study examined the potential of the introduction of a community-based framework for moving towards a more sustainable ASM in Ghana. Two case studies (Obuasi-Ghana and Mongolia) that involved community-driven intervention with the focus on the integration of technical, institutional and political capacity were examined. The framework developed presents a systematic planning and implementation strategy for project facilitators. ASM interventions should focus on organizing the miners, developing cleaner technology options, and formalizing ASM by strengthening political and institutional support.

Full report available upon request.

Assessing Water Appropriation and Equity in the Coello and Bermellon Watersheds, Colombia

Roya Bennett, MLWS 2016

The Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach assesses the complex interactions between socioeconomic and environmental facets of water resources. MuSIASEM presents a systematic project planning and implementation strategy for project facilitators, and was applied in a case study region, the Coello and Bermellon watersheds in Colombia. These watersheds are under examination by local NGOs (Comité Ambiental en Defensa de la Vida (Environmental Committee in Defense of Life)), the regional environmental authority (Cortolima), and the downstream irrigation district (UsoCoello), as plans move forward to build an open-pit gold mine, La Colosa.

This analysis raised concerns about the potential of over-appropriation of water in the dry season, and identified potential conflicting uses between the proposed mine and the agricultural sector. Currently, water is being appropriated at quantities approaching the average annual water availability and discharges do not meet the demand of downstream uses during parts of the year. Livelihoods in the region are dependent on water associated with agricultural activities, thus concerns of equitable water availability and appropriation need to be addressed before any decisions or policies regarding future industries are implemented.

Conceptualizing Stream Ecosystem Restoration

P. Clemens Langemeyer, MLWS 2016

Land managers and conservationists generally agree that ecocentric restoration is a mandatory practice with regard to the development of a sustainable future. Present-day restoration projects continue to be undermined by conceptual models founded decades ago: river systems were seen as inherently homogenous, held in equilibrium by natural processes, and that these processes remained constant regardless of scale. This has led to the continued misunderstanding of the heterogeneity and interconnectivity of streams, a perception that is still represented by conventional restoration practices.

The Stream Ecosystem Network is an interactive digital mind map that stimulates thought with respect to ecosystem connectivity, allowing users to visualize various components of stream ecosystems, and how they are interrelated. Environmental professionals capable of identifying and communicating interactions between system components across a multitude of disciplines (systems-thinkers) are a valuable asset to the continued development of this network. This project reviews and discusses how the network might benefit restoration ecologists throughout project development. Several published guidelines serve as a platform for discussing restoration strategy development and the re-integration of riverine natural processes.

Interactive Mind Map

An Analytical Model of Rainfall Interception by Urban Trees

Jie Ying (Jenny) Huang, MLWS 2016

Urban trees are recognized for their capacity in improving air quality, aesthetic values and reducing energy consumption, while their ability to help divert rainfall and reduce urban runoff are often overlooked. This study provides an analytical model on rainwater interception performance of a selection of common urban trees in Metro Vancouver, given a series of climatic and tree characteristics. The model outputs and interface are designed to inform and enhance decision support tools that are used in the development of stormwater management plans and permit applications associated with urban development projects.

A specific goal of this study includes: developing a rainfall interception model with different approaches to deriving model parameters. The rainfall interception model provides useful information to address several aspects of urban stormwater management for different stakeholders. The potential audiences who will benefit from the outcomes of this study are people involved in urban planning and management of stormwater such as city/municipal planners, engineers, developers, and local decision makers.

View full report in the Canadian Water Resources Journal (PDF)

Effects of Aggregate Extraction on Water Storage in the Pepin Creek Watershed, British Columbia, Canada

Yining (Rachel) Wang, MLWS 2016

Aggregate extraction in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada, has affected the soil water storage of the Pepin Creek watershed. Although local government has set regulations for aggregate extraction projects to avoid negative environmental impacts, the gradual loss of soil materials and associated changes in vegetative cover has led to an alteration of the water balance within the watershed, which may affect surface or groundwater levels, and aquatic habitats. The study assessed the effects of aggregate extraction on the water storage of the Pepin Creek watershed and estimated that 25% of the surface area of the Canadian portion of the watershed has been affected by aggregate mining with an estimated loss of water storage of 10%. Evapotranspiration has decreased as a result of the removal of the vegetative cover. Precipitation has remained relatively constant over the study period but the annual discharge measured at Pepin Creek has decreased. Recommendations for enhancing environmental monitoring to better measure and understand ecological functions of the watershed during aggregate extraction are provided.

View article in Scientific Researcher – An Academic Publisher

Rain Water Harvesting with the Homegrown Rainwater Model

Encouraging Alternative Water Resources for Small Scale and Urban Agriculture

Acadia Tucker, MLWS 2015

Alternative water resources, like rainwater harvesting, are under-utilized yet offer a decentralized approach that can increase the reliability and resiliency of urban water supplies, particularly for urban agricultural production. By exploring alternative approaches to water use and distribution, urban areas can decrease their dependency on large scale water systems and avoid the risks associated with centralized water supplies. Now is the time to start planning for a more unpredictable future in a way that mitigates the adversity linked with these events. The Homegrown Rainwater Model was designed and developed to help small scale growers determine the feasibility of installing a rainwater system at a site. The model design is based on three different steps to help users fully understand the potential system requirements that work best for each individual situation. The model predicts a specific location’s water supply and demand based on easily accessible information such as local precipitation, air temperature and irrigated area.

Full report available upon request.

Understanding Irrigation Demand in Metro Vancouver

An Application of the Agricultural Water Demand Model

Naomi Robert, MLWS 2015

Managing water quantity and quality in the Metro Vancouver region is an ongoing challenge under seasonal periods of water stress, particularly in the agricultural sector, a primary water consumer. Poor or absent regulation and monitoring of groundwater and surface water use in agriculture severely limits the capacity to assess water reserves and consumption and strategically manage water resources. This creates uncertainty regarding future water availability and risk within the agricultural sector. Improving our understanding of irrigation demand for agricultural production is a crucial step toward strategically managing the water resources upon which the agricultural industry depends.

This investigation aims to address this concern by using the Agricultural Water Demand Model, as developed by the BC Ministry of Agriculture, for Metro Vancouver (AWDM) as a comparative assessment tool. The AWDM is used to investigate irrigation demand within Metro Vancouver’s Agricultural Land Reserve in order to inform policy makers with regards to water management.

Run-of-River Hydroelectric Projects and Cumulative Impacts in British Columbia

Adam Ftaya, MLWS 2015

The expansion of run-of-river (ROR) hydroelectric operations in British Columbia since the early 1990s has raised concerns over the potential cumulative effects arising from multiple ROR sites and additional land-uses within a watershed. While this concern has been expressed by a multitude of interest groups, cumulative effects assessments (CEAs) are still a developing concept, and ROR-centric CEAs are often hard to find or lacking in detail. A central issue is the lack of research regarding the environmental impacts of ROR operations and their associated infrastructure. To address these challenges, this study focuses on identifying the key land-use and aquatic changes that have occurred in the Clowhom River watershed in southwestern BC, an area that has recently undergone ROR development. The potential impacts of each ROR project component were identified through a literature review; these impacts were then examined in a cumulative manner along with the potential impacts from additional watershed activities and climate change. Results suggest that the cumulative effects of ROR developments will be largely determined by the pre-ROR state of watershed development and infrastructure.

Full report available upon request.

Connecting the Drops:

An Agricultural Water Assessment and Strategy for Surrey, BC

Michelle Radley, MLWS 2015

Conflict over resources is particularly problematic in peri-urban areas where urban and rural development relies on the same land and water resource systems. Peri-urban agriculture is a valuable form of agriculture that provides environmental, recreational, and food security benefits to urban areas. However, urban competition for land and water and a lack of system-based planning has led to the fragmentation of arable land, stressed water systems, and a consequent decline in the potential for peri-urban agricultural production.

This project uses the city of Surrey, British Columbia, Canada as a case study for developing a regional, system-based strategy for increasing peri-urban agricultural productivity. The strategy focuses on integrating the management of geographically-fixed soil resources with water resources that flow through time and space. A water chain analysis and a water resource suitability assessment reveal that opportunities, vulnerabilities, and inefficiencies exist within Surrey’s water system. These results are applied using a holistic decision-making framework in order to demonstrate how alternative water harvesting and cropping opportunities may be developed and inform the directions for policy.

British Columbia Reclaimed Mine Sites:

Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Adrienne Turcotte, MLWS 2015

This project aimed to answer the following questions: What are some of the techniques that are used to reclaim metal mines in BC? Which techniques were successful? Were there any similarities across the case studies in the different environments? Which techniques caused challenges in reaching ecological restoration? Were there any similarities across the case studies in the different environments?

By investigating examples at specific mines, knowledge on implementing successful ecological restoration can be gained. This study focused on several metal mines in British Columbia that are representative of the province’s ecological environments. The assessment provides a base from which we can learn from the successes and challenges encountered in these reclamation cases, and inform future approaches to mine closure planning. This project is intended to be a resource for those looking to understand mining reclamation practices in BC. This project may be particularly useful to those studying reclamation or mine closure, mining inspectors new to these mines, or practitioners looking to broaden their knowledge of real world mining reclamation examples.

Cumulative Ecological Impact of the Residential Construction Industry on Watershed Health in Three North Shore Communities in the Lower Mainland of BC

Erika Nassichuk, MLWS 2015

There are many issues associated with the impacts of residential construction on watersheds. Examples include: sediment-laden or chemically contaminated water entering into watercourses, and a trend towards larger building footprints that can reduce the amount of land available for rainwater infiltration. The cumulative effects of widespread construction are not well understood. There is not currently an easy-to-follow guide to help builders and contractors minimize damage to the surrounding watershed while building or renovating single-family homes. There are two overall objectives associated with this project. The first is to create a clear, easy to follow online educational resource that can inform developers of the potential negative impacts of residential construction on watercourses and watersheds. The second objective is to encourage the use of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) by the construction industry, in order to facilitate small changes to improve urban watershed health. A guiding framework was developed to aid both developers and homeowners to minimize their impact on watersheds by activities.

VIEW INFOGRAPHIC

From Water Act to Water Sustainability Act:

Changes and Opportunities to Advance Water Sustainability in BC

Katrina Sigloch, MLWS 2015

British Columbia’s new Water Sustainability Act (WSA) will enable the sustainable management of water and aquatic ecosystems, but requires a multi-disciplinary understanding of the causes of water crises, management complexities, and the new water management changes and opportunities under the WSA. This evaluation provides a comparative assessment of the potential changes to water allocation decision-making and opportunities for water management in BC as a result of the introduction of the WSA, which will replace the Water Act (WA) in 2016. The goal of the WSA is to manage water sustainably under increasing demand, climatic variability and frequency of water scarcity. This evaluation focuses on the changes to the water management regime as a result of moving from the WA to the WSA, and in particular on (i) significant immediate changes to water allocation for societal and environmental purposes, and (ii) opportunities for water planning and protection provisions.

Natural Richmond Through A Water Lens

John ter Borg, MLWS 2014

This study investigates some of the relationships presented by the Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus in the City of Richmond, BC. The concept of a Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus allows us to engage population growth, resource development, and climate change in a broader conversation. Recognizing that water, energy and food are inseparable, the focus on this nexus fosters integrated, cross-sectoral planning. This project is presented as a website, bringing some of Richmond’s water-related opportunities and challenges to the public’s attention through a series of short videos and complementary technical studies. In order to plan future directions for this municipality, and others, we must first know where we have come from. This project considers four key topics: Natural History, Soils, Climate Change and Land Use Change.

Water Availability and Climate Change

Chapman Creek Water System, Sunshine Coast, BC

Monte Staats, MLWS 2014

Chapman Creek is the main water source on the Sunshine Coast, BC, and services approximately 22,000 people. Concerns have been expressed that increasing water demand due to population growth and increasing climatic variability may lead to water shortages during the summer season and insufficient summer stream flows to maintain a healthy aquatic environment. A water demand and supply analysis was conducted for the Chapman water system to determine how climate change will impact water consumption and future water supply. The analysis reviews historic temperature, precipitation, discharge and water consumption data to determine historic trends. This study examines relationships between climate and water consumption to provide insight into the potential impacts from climate change on water supply and demand during the summer season.

Agricultural Potential of the West Kootenay:

A Regional Review of the Land, Soil and Climate for Crop Potential

Rachael Roussin, MLWS 2014

There is growing interest in the West Kootenay region to increase and support agricultural activity while recent changes to the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) are reinvigorating the question of farmland protection. This study assesses the agricultural potential of the West Kootenay for fruit, vegetable and grain production with climate change using a land and climate based analysis. The approach includes: Quantifying the amount of agricultural land in the region and identifying its location using the Canada Land Inventory’s Soil Capability for Agriculture Classifications; Assessing the range of climate projections for 2050 and their significant for agricultural potential using Global Climate Model scenarios; Summarizing current agricultural activity in the region using the 2011 Canada Agricultural Census; Exploring the suitability of crops for specific areas. This study addresses issues of food security and resiliency from a land based perspective and the role of the ALR in protecting agricultural land.

Article published in Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems and Community Development

Student Projects